Appendix IV

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The goal of this wiki page is to provide information on the broad range of materials and topics encountered in the conservation of paintings. This information is intended to be used by conservators, museum professionals, and members of the public for educational purposes only. It is not designed to substitute for the consultation of a trained conservator. To find a conservator, please visit AIC's Find a Conservator page.

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Painting Conservation Catalog
APPENDIX IV

Compiler: Wendy Samet

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
SUBJECT INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

The subject index for Volume 1, Varnishes and Surface Coatings, is a two-level index. All of the concepts, except for proper names, appear under each term in the two-part index phrase. Terms with “and” indicate a mixture. The number that follows each phrase refers to the page number where that concept appears in this volume.

abrasion

—paintings, 7

absence-of-bloom gloss

—gloss, 9

accelerated aging

—Arkon® P-90, 214

—carbon arc fadometer, 40

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—Kraton® G series rubbers, 111

—Laropal® K80, 96

—light, 36

—methacrylates, 40

—near ultraviolet light, 40

—Paraloid® B-82, 40

—poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38

—poly(isobutyl methacrylate), 39

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165–166

—poly(n-propyl methacrylate), 40

—Regalrez® 1094, 114

—Soluvar®, 175, 176

acetone

—and aldehyde resins, 44

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and beeswax, 201

—and carnauba wax, 202

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66, 70

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 57, 60

—and MS2A®, 83

—and paraffin, 202

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139, 140

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and polymeric varnishes, 135

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110, 112

—and Soluvar®, 172

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

—solvents, 36, 265

acrylic emulsion paintings

—aging, 273

—reversibility, 273–274

—solubility, 273

—varnishing, 273–274

acrylic paintings

—Soluvar®, 171

acrylic resin varnishes

—Elvacite® 2044, 161, 162

—Elvacite® 2045, 153

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 179

—leveling, 10

—Lucite® 45, 153

—Paraloid® B-67, 153

—Paraloid® B-72, 40, 137

—Paraloid® B-82, 40

—Paraloid® F-10, 161, 162

—solubility, 40

—Soluvar®, 171

—stability, 40–41

—testing, 40

acrylic resin-ketone resin varnishes

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 185

acrylic resins

—isobutyl methacrylate, 171, 176, 179

—n-butyl methacrylate, 171, 176, 179

—poly(butyl methacrylate), 153

—poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38

—polymers, 38

—poly(methyl methacrylate), 38

Acryloid® B-72, see Paraloid® B-72 additives

—and Arkon® P-90, 119

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—and damar, 67

—and Escorez® 5380, 126

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—and Laropal® K80, 42, 77

—and mastic, 24, 58

—and MS2A®, 85

—and Paraloid® B-67, 156

—and Paraloid® B-72, 141

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—and Regalrez® 1094, 111

—and Soluvar®, 173

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 103

—and varnishes, 218

—antioxidants, 213

—Carstab® DLTDP, 187, 188

—hindered amine light stabilizers, 213

—Irganox® 1010, 187

—ketone resins, 93

—Laropal® K80, 75

—matting agents, 221

—plasticizers, 44

—stabilizers, 213

—Tinuvin® 328, 187

—ultraviolet absorbers, 7, 82, 213, 216

adhesion

—cyclohexanones, 42

—poly(vinyl acetate), 198

—varnishes, 8

adhesives

—pitch, 231

—varnishing brushes, 231

aging

—acrylic emulsion paintings, 273

—aldehyde resins, 43

—Arkon® P-90, 119, 120, 121

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188–189

—damar, 69–70, 215

—Escorez® 5380, 127

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 183

—hydrocarbon resins, 44

—isoamyl methacrylates, 39

—Laropal® K80, 42

—light, 36

—mastic, 60

—MS2A®, 89

—Paraloid® B-67, 157

—Paraloid® B-72, 147

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 197–198

—Regalrez® 1094, 114

—Soluvar®, 175

—solvents, 16

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 105

—Tinuvin® 292, 214

—UVS varnishes, 131

—varnishes, 1, 36

—waxes, 204

air compressors

—spray guns, 237, 238, 239, 240

—spraying, 260

airborne pollutants

—damar, 69

airbrushes

—banding, 260

—maintenance, 247

—Paraloid® B-72, 144

—spray varnishing equipment, 245–247

—spraying, 260

—ventilation, 247

airless sprayers

—spray guns, 244–245

alcohol

—and aldehyde resins, 44

—and damar, 64, 69

—and polymeric varnishes, 135

—solvents, 26

aldehyde resins

—aging, 43

—and acetone, 44

—and alcohol, 44

—and cyclohexanes, 43

—and hindered amine light stabilizers, 43

—and stabilizers, 43

—cracking, 43

—gloss, 14

—infrared spectra, 43

—inpainting, 44

—low molecular weight resins (synthetic), 43

—refractive index, 43

—scratch resistance, 15

—solubility, 43–44

—ultraviolet light, 43

aliphatic hydrocarbons

—and hydrocarbon resins, 44

—and low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 43

—solvents, 44

Allston, Washington, 28

aluminum

—ferrules, 230

aluminum stearate

—and Soluvar®, 173

—matting agents, 221

amber

—natural resin varnishes, 25–26

American Impressionist, 30

antioxidants

—additives, 213

—Irganox® 565, 164, 218

appearance

—Arkon® P-90, 119

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—damar, 68, 70

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 182

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 53

—mastic, 59

—matteness, 9

—MS2A®, 84, 86

—Paraloid® B-67, 156, 157

—Paraloid® B-72, 142, 147

—photographs, 6

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164, 166

—poly(vinyl acetate), 196, 197

—Regalrez® 1094, 112

—Soluvar®, 174

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 103

—transparency, 7

—UVS varnishes, 131

—varnishing, 1, 6, 7

—waxes, 203

Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 57

—and MS2A®, 83

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110

—and Soluvar®, 172

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

Arkon® P-90, 117–124

—accelerated aging, 214

—aging, 119, 121, 122

—and acetone, 118

—and additives, 119

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 118

—and ethanol, 118

—and isopropanol, 118

—and petroleum benzine, 118

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 118

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 118

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 118

—and Shell Sol® 71, 120

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 118

—and Tinuvin® 292, 119, 120, 121, 122, 214

—and toluene, 118

—and turpentine, 118

—and xylenes, 118, 121

—appearance, 119

—badger bristle brushes, 120

—brittleness, 119

—brush solutions, 119

—brushing, 120

—carcinogenicity, 122

—chemical structure, 118

—color saturation, 120

—dirt, 122

—disposal, 122

—drying, 120

—first aid procedures, 122

—glass transition temperature, 15

—gloss, 14, 117, 119, 120

—handling, 122

—health and safety, 122

—health hazards, 122

—hydrocarbon resins, 117, 118

—inhalation, 122

—inpainting, 120

—leveling, 10

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnish, 53

—manufacturers, 117

—molecular weight, 12, 118

—oil paintings, 120

—oxidation, 121

—pressure-sensitive adhesives, 117

—refractive index, 13, 118

—removability, 121

—scratch resistance, 15

—shelf life, 119

—solubility, 118, 120, 214

—spray solutions, 119

—storage, 119, 122

—ventilation, 122

—viscosity, 12

Arkon® series

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 44

aromatic hydrocarbons

—and hydrocarbon resins, 44

—and Laropal® K80, 77

—and Soluvar®, 171

—solvents, 44

Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 93–97

—aging, 96

—and acetone, 94

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 94

—and ethanol, 94

—and isopropanol, 94

—and mineral spirits, 95

—and Paraloid® B-72, 96

—and petroleum benzine, 96

—and Sansodor® Low Odour Paint Thinner, 95

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 94

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 94

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 94

—and Stoddard Solvent, 95, 96

—and Stoddard Solvent/Shell Sol® 340 HT, 94

—and toluene, 94

—and turpentine, 94

—and xylenes, 94

—appearance, 95

—brush solutions, 95

—brushing, 95

—disposal, 96

—first aid procedures, 96

—glass transition temperature, 95

—gloss, 95, 96

—health and safety, 96

—health hazards, 96

—ketone resin varnishes, 93

—manufacturers, 93, 94

—molecular weight, 94

—saturating, 96

—solubility, 94, 96

—spray solutions, 95

—spraying, 95, 96

—storage, 95

—ventilation, 96

artists' intent

—varnishing, 1, 6, 30

Artists' Original Matt Varnish®

—and matting agents, 95

—ketone resin varnishes, 93

artists' treatises

—traditional artists' varnishes, 21

asphaltum

—natural resin varnishes, 26

—tinting, 28

autoxidation

—damar, 69, 217

—Laropal® K80, 77, 78

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 43

—mastic, 60, 217

—MS2A®, 89

—Regalrez® 1094, 114

—varnishes, 11

AW2®

—ketone resin varnishes, 75, 81, 93, 100

—polycyclohexanones, 41–42

badger body hair

—badger hair brushes, 227

—belly, 227

badger hair brushes

—Arkon® P-90, 120

—badger body hair, 227

—brushes, 225

—ferrules, 230, 234

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 262

—mastic, 265

—MS2A®, 88

—Regalrez® 1094, 112, 113

—varnishing brushes, 234

Bakelite® Series AYAB

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37

Bakelite® Series AYAC

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37

Bakelite® Series AYAF

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37

banding

—airbrushes, 260

beavertail handles

—varnishing brushes, 232

beeswax

—and acetone, 201

—and carbon tetrachloride, 201

—and Cellosolve® acetate, 201

—and damar, 67, 69

—and ethanol, 201

—and ether, 201

—and petroleum distillates, 201

—and solvents, 201

—and turpentine, 201

—brittleness, 204

—natural waxes, 26, 201

—shrinkage, 204

—solubility, 201

—solutions, 202

—varnishes, 30

belly

—badger body hair, 227

—mongoose tail hair, 227

benzene

—and poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38

benzoin

—spirit varnishes, 25

—triterpenoid resins, 25

benzol

—and mastic, 59

—and paraffin, 202

benzophenones

—ultraviolet absorbers, 216

benzotriazoles

—Tinuvin® 327, 217

—ultraviolet absorbers, 216

biohazards

—spraying, 260

bitumen

—natural resin varnishes, 26

block handles

—varnishing brushes, 232

bloom

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—damar, 67, 70

—mastic, 60

—natural resin varnishes, 18

—paintings, 35

boar bristle

—bristle, 225, 226

bone

—ferrules, 230

Borneo

—damar, 63

Braque, Georges, 30

brass

—ferrules, 229

bristle

—boar bristle, 225, 226

—fibers, 225

—hog bristle, 225, 226

—nylon, 225, 226

bristle brushes

—Paraloid® B-72, 143

—varnishing brushes, 228

brittleness

—Arkon® P-90, 119

—beeswax, 204

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—damar, 63, 65, 69

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—Laropal® K80, 77, 78

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 53

—mastic, 24, 57

—MS2A®, 83, 84, 90

—Paraloid® B-67, 155

—Paraloid® B-72, 140

—polycyclohexanones, 42

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—polymethacrylate resins, 173

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—poly(vinyl acetate), 194

—Regalrez® 1094, 110, 111

—Soluvar®, 173

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 105

—varnishes, 11

brush solutions

—Arkon® P-90, 119

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—damar, 67

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—Laropal® K80, 77

—mastic, 58

—MS2A®, 84, 85

—Paraloid® B-67, 156

—Paraloid® B-72, 141

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—poly(vinyl acetate), 195

—Regalrez® 1094, 111

—Soluvar®, 173

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—UVS varnishes, 130

—waxes, 202–203

brushability

—molecular weight, 11

—Regalrez® 1094, 111

brushes see also varnishing brushes, watercolor brushes; also specific types of brushes, e.g., fan blender brushes

—badger hair brushes, 59, 225

—fibers, 225

—hog bristle brushes, 87

—sable brushes, 227

brushing

—Arkon® P-90, 120

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95

—canvas paintings, 263

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187, 188

—damar, 68, 263

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 182

—Ketone® N, 263

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 262

—mastic, 59, 263

—MS2A®, 86, 87, 263

—Paraloid® B-67, 156–157

—Paraloid® B-72, 142–143, 145

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—poly(vinyl acetate), 197

—Regalrez® 1094, 112

—Soluvar®, 174

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 104

—varnishes, 16

—varnishing, 256–259, 263

—waxes, 203

buffing

—damar, 70

—varnishing, 263, 268

Burma

—damar, 63

burns

—waxes, 204

butyl methacrylates

—crosslinking, 39

—dirt, 39

—flexibility, 39

—fluorescent lighting, 39

—glass transition temperature, 39

—methacrylates, 39

—solubility, 39

—synthetic resin varnishes, 39

—yellowing

camphor

—and mastic, 24

Canada balsam

—diterpenoid resins, 22, 23

canvas paintings

—brushing, 263

—MS2A®, 263

—varnishing, 263

carbon arc fadometer

—artificial aging, 40

carbon disulfide

—and paraffin, 202

carbon tetrachloride

—and beeswax, 201

—and carnauba wax, 202

—and paraffin, 202

carcinogenicity

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—Soluvar®, 176

carnauba wax

—and acetone, 202

—and carbon tetrachloride, 202

—and chloroform, 202

—and ethanol, 202

—and ether, 202

—and turpentine, 201–202

—hardness, 203

—natural waxes, 201

—sheen, 203

—solubility, 201–202

—solutions, 202–203

Carstab® DLTDP

—additives, 187, 188

castor oil

—and damar, 25

Cellosolve® acetate

—and beeswax, 201

cellulose acetate

—solubility, 45

cellulose nitrate

—and plasticizers, 45

—glass transition temperature, 45

Cennini, Cennino, 2, 3, 26, 27, 29

ceresin—solutions, 202–203

chemical structure

—Arkon® P-90, 118

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—damar, 64–65

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—Laropal® K80, 76, 94

—mastic, 56

—MS2A®, 82

—natural resin varnishes, 22

—Paraloid® B-67, 154

—Paraloid® B-72, 139

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 162

—poly(vinyl acetate), 192

—Regalrez® 1094, 109

—Soluvar®, 172

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 101

—varnishes, 11

Chiron® SC90E

—spray guns, 261

Chiron® Spray Gun

—spray guns, 268

chiseled shapes

—ox-hair brushes, 233

—varnishing brushes, 233

chlorine

—damar, 69

chloroform

—and carnauba wax, 202

—and paraffin, 202

classification

—natural resin varnishes, 22

cleaning

—paint loss, 42

—paintings, 7, 253

—Paraloid® B-72, 147

—tinting, 28

—varnishing brushes, 234–235

cleavage

—damar, 70

—Laropal® K80, 78

collage

—varnishing, 2

colophony

—pine resin, 22

color saturation

—Arkon® P-90, 120

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—Laropal® K80, 78

—mastic, 59

—synthetic resin varnishes, 37

colorlessness

—surface coatings, 35

condition

—paintings, 7

Conserv-Art® Varnish, 185–190

—accelerated aging, 188

—acrylic resin-ketone varnishes, 185

—aging, 188–189

—and acetone, 186

—and additives, 187

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 186

—and ethanol, 186

—and isopropanol, 186

—and mineral spirits, 187, 188

—and naphtha, 187

—and petroleum benzine, 186

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 186

—and Shell Mineral Spirits, 186

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 186

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 186

—and toluene, 186

—and turpentine, 186

—and xylenes, 186

—appearance, 188

—bloom, 186

—brittleness, 187

—brush solutions, 187

—brushing, 187, 188

—chemical structure, 186

—color saturation, 188

—cracking, 186

—crosslinking, 188

—dirt, 188

—disposal, 188

—drying, 188

—first aid procedures, 188

—flexibility, 187

—glass transition temperature, 186

—gloss, 188

—health and safety, 188

—inhalation, 188

—inpainting, 188

—matteness, 188

—molecular weight, 186

—oxidation, 187

—refractive index, 186

—removability, 188

—sable brushes, 188

—sheen, 188

—shelf life, 187

—solubility, 186, 188

—spray solutions, 187

—spraying, 187, 188

—storage, 187

—yellowing, 187

consolidants

—damar, 63

—Paraloid® B-72, 137

—poly(vinyl acetate) resins, 191

contemporary paintings

—spraying, 260

copaiba balsam

—diterpenoid resins, 24

copals

—diterpenoid resins, 23

—interlayering, 28

—oil resin varnishes, 22, 23

copolymers

—Plexigum® PQ610, 42

copper

—ferrules, 230

cracking

—aldehyde resins, 43

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—cyclohexanones, 42

—damar, 70

—hydrocarbon resins, 44

—mastic, 57, 60

—poly(vinyl acetate), 195

crackling

—paintings, 21

—Paraloid® B-72, 144

crazing

—damar, 70

—MS2A®, 90

crizzling

—Paraloid® B-67, 157

crosslinking

—butyl methacrylates, 39

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—epoxy resin, 45

—isoamyl methacrylates, 39

—ketone resin varnishes, 42

—light, 37

—low molecular weight synthetic resins, 43

—octafluoroamyl methacrylate, 40

—paper chromatography, 38

—Paraloid® B-67, 40, 157

—Paraloid® B-72, 147

—poly(butyl methacrylate), 39, 40

—poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38, 39, 40

—poly(isobutyl methacrylate), 39

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—polymers, 36, 45

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 39, 164, 165, 166

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 197

—Soluvar®, 173, 175

—tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, 40

—Tinuvin® 292, 214

Cubist, 1, 30

cutter brushes

—varnishing brushes, 233

cyclohexanes

—and aldehyde resins, 43

—and hydrocarbon resins, 44

cyclohexanones

—adhesion, 42

—cracking, 42

—gloss, 42

—Ketone Resin® N, 42

—Laropal® K80, 42, 75, 76

—oxidation, 42

—paint loss, 42

—solvents, 36

—strength, 42

—testing, 42

—varnishing, 42

—wrinkling, 42

damar, 63–73

—aging, 69–70, 215

—airborne pollutants, 69

—and acetone, 66, 70

—and additives, 67

—and alcohol, 64, 69

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 66

—and beeswax, 67, 69

—and castor oil, 25

—and egg tempera, 63

—and ethanol, 66

—and hindered amine light stabilizers, 213–214

—and isopropanol, 66

—and ketone resins, 69

—and matting agents, 67

—and microcrystalline wax, 67, 69

—and MS2A®, 88

—and naphtha, 263

—and oil paint, 63

—and Paraloid® B-72, 145

—and petroleum benzine, 66

—and poppy oil, 28

—and rubber, 63

—and sandarac, 25

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 66

—and Shell Mineral Spirits, 66

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 66

—and solvents, 66, 67, 69

—and stand oil, 25

—and stearate, 67

—and Stoddard Solvent, 66, 263

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 66

—and Tinuvin® 292, 67, 70, 213, 214, 215, 257

—and toluene, 10, 66, 70

—and turpentine, 25, 66

—and xylenes, 66, 69

—appearance, 68, 70

—autoxidation, 69, 217

—bloom, 67, 70

—Borneo, 63

—brittleness, 63, 65, 69

—brush solutions, 67

—brushing, 68, 263

—buffing, 70

—Burma, 63

—chemical structure, 64–65

—chlorine, 69

—clearing, 66

—cleavage, 70

—consolidants, 63

—cracking, 70

—crazing, 70

—dirt, 70

—discoloration, 69

—disposal, 71

—drying, 68, 70

—extenders, 63

—fixatives, 63

—flaking, 70

—flexibility, 65

—fluorescence, 70

—glass transition temperature, 15, 65

—glaze, 63

—gloss, 13–14, 67, 68, 70, 86

—harvesting, 64

—health and safety, 70

—hydrogen peroxide, 69

—incineration, 71

—India, 63

—Indonesia, 25, 64

—inpainting, 63, 69

—low molecular weight natural resin varnishes, 63

—Malaysia, 25, 63, 64

—manufacturers, 64

—matteness, 69

—molecular weight, 10, 12, 65

—natural resin varnishes, 43, 53, 55, 64

—ozone, 69

—recipes, 25

—refractive index, 13, 65

—relative humidity, 67

—removability, 70

—retouching, 63

—retouching varnishes, 28

—rubbing, 69

—saturating, 68

—scratch resistance, 15

—scratching, 70

—shelf life, 67, 70

—Singapore, 63, 64

—solubility, 70

—solutions, 66, 67

—spirit varnishes, 22

—spray solutions, 67

—spraying, 68, 69

—Sri Lanka, 63

—stabilizing, 67, 213, 214

—storage, 67

—sulfur dioxide, 69

—surface coatings, 63

—testing, 35

—Thailand, 63

—triterpenoid resins, 24–25

—ultraviolet light, 37, 70

—varnishes, 3–4

—varnishing brushes, 233

—viscosity, 12, 68

—yellowing, 63, 69, 70

darkening

—poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—tinting, 28

Delacroix, Eugène, 26, 201

deterioration—oxidation, 7

—ultraviolet light, 7

—varnishes, 7

diacetone alcohol

—and paraffin, 202

—and Paraloid® B-72, 147

diethyl benzene

—and Paraloid® B-72, 40

diffuse reflection

—gloss, 9

dirt

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—butyl methacrylates, 39

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—damar, 70

—Escorez® 5380, 127

—Laropal® K80, 78

—mastic, 60

—microcrystalline wax, 85

—MS2A®, 89

—paintings, 7

—Paraloid® B-67, 158

—Paraloid® B-72, 147

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164, 166

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 197, 198

—Regalrez® 1094, 114

—Soluvar®, 175

—varnishes, 17

—varnishing, 5

discoloration see also darkening; yellowing

—damar, 69

—MS2A®, 89

—solvents, 16

—varnishes, 5, 8, 17

disposal

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—damar, 71

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 183

—Laropal® K80, 79

—mastic, 60

—MS2A®, 90

—Paraloid® B-67, 158

—Paraloid® B-72, 149

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 167

—poly(vinyl acetate), 198

—Regalrez® 1094, 115

—Soluvar®, 176

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 106

—varnishes, 18

—paintings, 29

distinctness-of-image gloss

—gloss, 9

diterpenoid resins

—Canada balsam, 22

—copaiba balsam, 24

—copals, 23

—pine resin, 22, 24

—sandarac, 23

—Strasbourg turpentine (olio di abezzo), 22, 24

—Venice turpentine, 22

drawings

—Paraloid® B-72, 137

drying

—Arkon® P-90, 120

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—damar, 68, 70

—MS2A®, 87

—Paraloid® B-67, 156, 157

—Paraloid® B-72, 141, 142, 143

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—poly(vinyl acetate), 197

—Regalrez® 1094, 113, 114

—Soluvar®, 174

—solvents, 16

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 104

—UVS varnishes, 130, 131

drying oil

—and mastic, 24

—and spirit varnishes, 24

durability

—Paraloid® B-72, 137

dusting

—Paraloid® B-72, 147

dusting brushes

—goat hair, 228

egg tempera

—and damar, 63

—paint, 2, 3

egg white varnishes

—matteness, 27

—surface coatings, 2, 27

elasticity

—paint film, 35

Elvacite® 2044

—acrylic resin varnishes, 161, 162

—and acetone, 163

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 163

—and ethanol, 163

—and isopropanol, 163

—and petroleum benzine, 163

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 163

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 163

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 163

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 163

—and toluene, 163

—and turpentine, 163

—and xylenes, 163

—molecular weight, 163

Elvacite® 2045

—acrylic resin varnishes, 153

—and acetone, 155

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 155

—and ethanol, 155

—and isopropanol, 155

—and petroleum benzine, 155

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 155

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 155

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 155

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 155

—and toluene, 155

—and turpentine, 155

—and xylenes, 155

—manufacturers, 154

—molecular weight, 154

—isobutyl methacrylates, 39

epoxy resin

—crosslinking, 45

Escorez® 5380, 125–128

—aging, 127

—and additives, 126

—and Tinuvin® 292, 126, 127

—appearance, 126

—brush solutions, 126

—brushing, 126

—chemical structure, 126

—dirt, 127

—exposure, 127

—first aid procedures, 127

—glass transition temperature, 15, 126

—health and safety, 127

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 44, 125

—manufacturers, 125

—molecular weight, 12, 126

—refractive index, 13, 126

—reticulation, 126

—shelf life, 126

—solubility, 126

—spraying, 126

—storage, 126

—toxicity, 127

—viscosity, 12

esterification

—MS2A®, 42

ethanol

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and beeswax, 201

—and carnauba wax, 202

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 57, 59

—and MS2A®, 83

—and paraffin, 202

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194, 196, 197

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110, 112

—and Soluvar®, 172

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

ether

—and beeswax, 201

—and carnauba wax, 202

—and paraffin, 202

evaporation

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 182

—spraying, 262

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 102, 104

exposure

—Escorez® 5380, 127

—MS2A®, 90

—Paraloid® B-67, 158

extenders

—damar, 63

fan blender brushes

—Kolinsky tail hair, 226

—mongoose tail hair, 227

—ox-ear hair, 228

—sable, 227

—varnishing brushes, 234

ferrules

—aluminum, 230

—badger hair brushes, 230, 234

—bone, 230

—brass, 229

—copper, 230

—leather, 230

—nylon, 231

—plastic, 231

—tin-plated steel, 229

—varnishing brushes, 228, 229

—wood, 230

fibers

—bristle, 225

—brushes, 225

—hair, 225

—synthetic fibers, 226

finishing layers

—varnishing, 253

first aid procedures

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—Escorez® 5380, 127

—Laropal® K80, 79

—MS2A®, 90

—Paraloid® B-72, 149

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 106

fixatives

—damar, 63

—Lascaux Fixativ®, 138

—pastels, 63

flaking

—damar, 70

—Paraloid® B-67, 157

flammability

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 183

—waxes, 204

flat handles

—varnishing brushes, 231

flat shapes

—varnishing brushes, 232–233

flexibility

—butyl methacrylates, 39

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—damar, 65

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—Laropal® K80, 77

—mastic, 57

—MS2A®, 83–84

—Paraloid® B-67, 155

—Paraloid® B-72, 140

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—poly(vinyl acetate), 191, 194, 196

—Regalrez® 1094, 110

—Soluvar®, 173

—synthetic resin varnishes, 35

—varnishes, 11

fluorescence

—damar, 70

fluorescent lighting

—butyl methacrylates, 39

fluorescent paint

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

fume hoods

—spraying, 262

fumed silica

—and Paraloid® B-67, 157

—and Paraloid® B-72, 141

—matting agents, 141, 221

Gamvar®

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 44, 109

gas chromatography

—Paraloid® B-67, 40

Gauguin, Paul, 30, 201

gel permeation chromatography

—testing, 36

glass transition temperature

—Arkon® P-90, 15

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95

—butyl methacrylates, 39

—cellulose nitrate, 45

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—damar, 15, 65

—Escorez® 5380, 15, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—gum mastic, 15

—Laropal® K80, 15, 77, 95

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 53

—mastic, 57

—MS2A®, 15, 83

—Paraloid® B-67, 15, 155

—Paraloid® B-72, 15, 140, 147

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164, 165, 166

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAA, 15

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAB, 15

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAC, 15

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAF, 15

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 194, 198

—Regalrez® 1094, 15, 110, 114

—Soluvar®, 173, 175

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—varnishes, 11

glaze

—damar, 63

glazing

—gum elemi, 25

gloss

—absence-of-bloom gloss, 9

—aldehyde resin, 14

—Arkon® P-90, 14, 117, 119, 120

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95, 96

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—cyclohexanones, 42

—damar, 13–14, 67, 68, 70, 86

—diffuse reflection, 9

—distinctness-of-image gloss, 9

—ketone resin varnishes, 41

—Laropal® K80, 13–14

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 14

—luster, 9

—mastic, 13–14, 24, 59

—matting agents, 221

—MS2A®, 14, 42, 84, 86

—paint, 93

—Paraloid® B-67, 13–14, 156

—Paraloid® B-72, 13–14, 144, 147

—poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAC, 13

—Regalrez® 1094, 14, 112

—sheen, 9

—Soluvar®, 174

—solvents, 16

—specular reflection, 9

—spraying, 260, 261

—surface uniformity gloss, 9

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—UVS Finishing Varnish®, 131

—UVS varnishes, 131

—varnishes, 8

—varnishing, 4, 5, 253

—Winton® Picture Varnish, 13

goat hair

—dusting brushes, 228

—hair, 226

—varnishing brushes, 228

Golden MSA® Varnish, 179–184

—acrylic resin varnishes, 179

—aging, 183

—and acetone, 180

—and additives, 181

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 180

—and ethanol, 180

—and isopropanol, 180

—and mineral spirits, 179, 181

—and petroleum benzine, 180

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 180

—and Shell Mineral Spirits, 180

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 180

—and solvents, 179, 182

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 180

—and toluene, 180

—and turpentine, 180

—and xylenes, 180

—appearance, 182

—brittleness, 181

—brush solutions, 181

—brushing, 182

—chemical structure, 180

—disposal, 183

—evaporation, 182

—flammability, 183

—flexibility, 181

—fluorescent paint, 181

—glass transition temperature, 181

—hardness, 181

—health and safety, 183

—inpainting, 182

—manufacturers, 179–180

—molecular weight, 180

—refractive index, 180

—shelf life, 181

—solubility, 180

—spray solutions, 181

—spraying, 182

—storage, 181

—synthetic resin varnishes, 39

—workability, 182

Grumbacher Tuffilm Fixative Spray

—varnishes, 138

gum arabic

—and isinglass, 26

gum elemi

—and mastic, 24

—glazing, 25

—glass transition temperature, 15

—molecular weight, 12

—refractive index, 13

—viscosity, 12

hair

—badger hair, 225

—fiber, 225

—goat hair, 226

—horse-body hair, 226

—Kolinsky tail hair, 225, 226

—mongoose hair, 225

—ox-ear hair, 226

—red sable hair, 225

—squirrel tail hair, 225

—varnishing brushes, 228, 229

handles

—varnishing brushes, 231

handling

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—Laropal® K80, 77

—MS2A®, 42, 90

—paintings, 88

—Paraloid® B-67, 156

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 167

—Regalrez® 1094, 115

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 103, 106

—waxes, 204

hardness

—carnauba wax, 203

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—ketone resin varnishes, 41

—MS2A®, 84

—paint, 93

—Paraloid® B-72, 140

—solvents, 16

—synthetic resin varnishes, 35

—varnishes, 11

harvesting

—damar, 64

Hassam, Childe, 29, 166

health and safety

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—damar, 70

—Escorez® 5380, 127

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 183

—Laropal® K80, 79

—mastic, 60

—MS2A®, 90

—Paraloid® B-67, 158

—Paraloid® B-72, 148

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 167

—poly(vinyl acetate), 198

—Regalrez® 1094, 115

—Soluvar®, 176

—solvents, 18

—spray varnishing equipment, 247

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 105–106

—varnishes, 18

—waxes, 204

health hazards

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—MS2A®, 90

—Paraloid® B-72, 148

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 106

heating

—matting agents, 221

—waxes, 204

heptane

—and UVS varnishes, 130

hexane

—solvents, 265

high-pressure, low-volume (HPLV)

—spray guns, 237–240

high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP)

—spray guns, 240–241

high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP) turbine systems

—spray guns, 242–244

hindered amine light stabilizers

—additives, 213

—and aldehyde resins, 43

—and damar, 213–214

—and hydrocarbon resins, 44

—and mastic, 58, 213–214

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 103

—and varnishes, 253

—Sanduvor® 3050, 42

—Tinuvin® 292, 17, 42, 44, 111, 131, 188, 213–214, 254

—Tinuvin® 328, 181

hog bristle

—bristle, 225, 226

hog bristle brushes

—brushes, 87

horse body hair

—hair, 226

—varnishing brushes, 228

hot-melt adhesives

—Regalrez® 1094, 109

hydrocarbon resins

—aging, 44

—and aliphatic hydrocarbons, 44

—and aromatic hydrocarbons, 44

—and cyclohexanes, 44

—and hindered amine light stabilizers, 44

—and toluene, 44

—Arkon® P-90, 117, 118

—cracking, 44

—hydrogenation, 44

—solubility, 44

—and Paraloid® B-72, 40

—and Regalrez® 1094, 112–113

hydrocarbon solvents

—solvents, 44

hydrogen peroxide

—damar, 69

hydrogenation

—hydrocarbon resins, 44

—MS2®, 83

impregnants

—Paraloid® B-72, 137

impressionist, 1, 3, 29, 85

incineration

—damar, 71

—Paraloid® B-67, 158

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 167

—poly(vinyl acetate), 198

India

—damar, 63

Indonesia

—damar, 64

infrared spectra

—aldehyde resins, 43

—Paraloid® B-67, 40

—Paraloid® B-72, 40

inhalation

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—Paraloid® B-67, 158

—Paraloid® B-72, 148

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 167

—Regalrez® 1094, 115

—Soluvar®, 176

inpainting

—aldehyde resins, 44

—Arkon® P-90, 120

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—damar, 63, 69

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 182

—MS2A®, 87, 88

—Paraloid® B-72, 137

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—poly(vinyl acetate), 161

—Regalrez® 1094, 112

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 104, 105

—varnishing, 256

interlayering

—copals, 28

—Laropal® K80, 78

—mastic, 28

—MS2A®, 87, 88

—Paraloid® B-72, 144, 145, 146

—Paraloid® B-72, 78

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 161

—poly(vinyl acetate), 191, 197

—reticulation, 266

—varnishing, 253, 266–268

Irganox® 565

—and Laropal® K80, 78

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—antioxidants, 164, 218

—solubility, 218

—yellowing, 218

isinglass

—and gum arabic, 26

isoamyl methacrylates

—aging, 39

—crosslinking, 39

isobutyl methacrylates

—Elvacite® 45, 39

—Lucite® 45, 39

—acrylic resins, 171, 176, 179

isopropanol

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 57

—and MS2A®, 83

—and paraffin, 202

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110, 112

—and Soluvar®, 172

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

Jan van Eyck, 99

Jennys, Richard, 27

Jennys, William, 27

ketone resin varnishes

—and mineral spirits, 41

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 191

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 93

—Artists' Original Matt Varnish®, 93

—Artists' Retouching Varnish®, 93

—AW2®, 75, 81, 93, 100

—crosslinking, 42

—gloss, 41

—hardness, 41

—Ketone Resin® N, 42, 81, 93, 100

—Laropal® K80, 75, 93, 94, 100

—leveling, 10

—MS2®, 41–42, 81, 100

—MS2A®, 41–42, 81

—MS2B®, 41–42

—polycyclohexanones, 41

—solubility, 41

—synthetic resin varnishes, 41–42

—viscosity, 41

Ketone Resin® N

—brushing, 263

—cyclohexanones, 42

—ketone resin varnishes, 42, 81, 93, 100

—oxidation, 75

ketone resins

—additives, 93

—and damar, 69

—and Paraloid® B-67, 185, 186

Kolinsky tail hair

—fan blender brushes, 226

—hair, 225, 226

—retouching, 226

—watercolor brushes, 226

Kraton® G 1650

—and Regalrez® 1094, 114

Kraton® G series rubbers

—accelerated aging, 111

—and Regalrez® 1094, 111

—polymeric synthetic rubbers, 111, 113

Krylon® Crystal Clear No. 41301

—varnishes, 138

landfill

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 167

Laropal® K80, 75–80

—accelerated aging, 96

—additives, 75

—aging, 42

—and acetone, 76

—and additives, 42, 77

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-Methoxy-2-propanol, 76

—and aromatic solvents, 77

—and ethanol, 76

—and Irganox® 595, 78

—and isopropanol, 76

—and matting agents, 77

—and microcrystalline wax, 77

—and mineral spirits, 77

—and petroleum benzine, 76

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 76

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 76

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 76

—and stabilizers, 78

—and Stoddard Solvent/Shell Sol® 340 HT, 76

—and Tinuvin® 292, 78, 214

—and toluene, 76

—and turpentine, 76

—and xylenes, 76, 77

—autoxidation, 77, 78

—brittleness, 77, 78

—brush solutions, 77

—brushing, 78

—chemical structure, 76, 94

—cleavage, 78

—color saturation, 78

—cyclohexanones, 42, 75, 76

—dirt, 78

—disposal, 79

—first aid procedures, 79

—flexibility, 77

—glass transition temperature, 15, 77, 95

—gloss, 13–14

—handling, 77

—health and safety, 79

—interlayering, 78

—ketone resin varnishes, 75, 93, 94, 100

—light, 42

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 53

—manufacturers, 75

—molecular weight, 12, 76

—refractive index, 13, 76

—rubbing, 78

—scratch resistance, 15

—shelf life, 78

—solubility, 76, 78

—spray solutions, 77

—spraying, 78

—storage, 78

—ventilation, 79

—viscosity, 12

—workability, 78

—yellowing, 78

Lascaux Fixativ®

—fixatives, 138

leather

—ferrules, 230

leveling

—acrylic resin varnishes, 10

—Arkon® P-90, 10

—ketone resin varnishes, 10

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 10

—molecular weight, 10

—natural resin varnishes, 10

—Paraloid® B-72, 143, 147

—Regalrez® 1094, 10

—saturating, 9–10

—UVS varnishes, 131

light see also ultraviolet light

—accelerated aging, 36

—aging, 36

—crosslinking, 37

—Laropal® K80, 42

lighting see also fluorescent lighting

—varnishes, 17

linseed oil

—refractive index, 10

—sandarac, 23

low molecular weight natural resin varnishes

—damar, 63

—mastic, 55–61

low molecular weight resin varnishes

—appearance, 53

—badger hair brushes, 262

—brittleness, 53

—brushing, 262

—Escorez® 5380, 125

—glass transition temperature, 53

—gloss, 14

—leveling, 10

—molecular weight, 53

—oxidation, 53

—refractive index, 53

—scratch resistance, 15

—solvents, 53

—viscosity, 53

low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes

—and aliphatic solvents, 43

—Arkon® P-90, 53

—Arkon® series, 44

—autoxidation, 43

—Escorez® series, 44

—Gamvar®, 44, 109

—Laropal® K80, 53

—MS2A®, 53

—Regalrez® 1078, 44

—Regalrez® 1094, 44, 109

—Regalrez® series, 44

—synthetic resin varnishes, 41, 53

—UVS® Varnishes, 44

low molecular weight synthetic resins

—aldehyde resins, 43

—crosslinking, 43

—polymerization, 43

—refractive index, 43

—solubility, 43

—synthetic resin varnishes, 43

Lucite® 44

—viscosity, 39

Lucite® 45

—acrylic resin varnishes, 153

—isobutyl methacrylates, 39

—viscosity, 39

luster

—gloss, 9

maintenance

—airbrushes, 247

—spray guns, 239, 241, 243

Malaysia

—damar, 63, 64

manufacturers–Arkon® P-90, 117

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 93, 94

—damar, 64

—Elvacite® 1045, 154

—Escorez® 5380, 125

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 179–180

—Laropal® K80, 75

—MS2A®, 81

—Paraloid® B-67, 154

—Paraloid® B-72, 138

—poly(vinyl acetate), 192

—Regalrez® 1094, 109

—Soluvar®, 171

—synthetic resin varnishes, 43

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 100, 101

mar resistance

—Regalrez® 1094, 110

mastic, 23, 55–61

—additives, 24

—aging, 60

—and acetone, 57, 60

—and additives, 58

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-Methoxy-2-propanol, 57

—and benzol, 59

—and camphor, 24

—and drying oil, 24

—and ethanol, 57, 59

—and gum elemi, 24

—and hindered amine light stabilizers, 58, 213–214

—and isopropanol, 57

—and microcrystalline wax, 59

—and oil, 28

—and petroleum benzine, 57

—and rosin, 24

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 57

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 57

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 57

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 57

—and Tinuvin® 292, 257, 265

—and toluene, 57, 60

—and turpentine, 24, 55, 57, 58, 59, 265

—and Venice turpentine, 24

—and xylenes, 57

—appearance, 59

—autoxidation, 60, 217

—badger hair brushes, 265

—bloom, 60

—brittleness, 24, 57

—brush solutions, 58

—brushing, 59, 263

—chemical formula, 56

—color saturation, 59

—cracking, 57, 60

—dirt, 60

—disposal, 60

—flexibility, 57

—glass transition temperature, 57

—gloss, 13–14, 24, 59

—health and safety, 60

—interlayering, 28

—molecular weight, 56, 59

—natural resin varnishes, 43, 53, 55

—oxidation, 58, 60

—panel paintings, 265

—polishing, 59

—refractive index, 56

—removability, 24, 60

—scratch resistance, 15

—shelf life, 58

—solubility, 57, 60

—spirit varnishes, 22

—spray solutions, 58

—spraying, 59

—storage, 58

—terpene resin, 55, 56

—testing, 35

—thickening, 58

—tinting, 29

—transparency, 24, 60

—triterpenoid resins, 24, 55

—ultraviolet light, 58

—varnishes, 3–4

—ventilation, 60

—wax fills, 59

—yellowing, 55, 58, 60

matteness

—appearance, 9

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—damar, 69

—egg white varnishes, 27

—MS2A®, 85

—Regalrez® 1094, 113

—Soluvar®, 174

—solvents, 265

—spraying, 261

—unvarnished paintings, 30

—UVS Matte Varnish®, 131

—waxes, 204

matting agents

—additives, 221

—aluminum stearate, 221

—and Artists' Original Matt Varnish®, 95

—and damar, 67

—and Laropal® K80, 77

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—and Soluvar®, 174

—Artists' Matt Varnish®, 95

—fumed silica, 141, 221

—gloss, 221

—heating, 221

—metallic soaps, 221

—refractive index, 221

—solubility, 221

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 101, 103

measuring

—Tinuvin® 292, 254–256

—varnishes, 254

MEK

—and paraffin, 202

melamine formaldehyde

—surface coatings, 45

Mérimée, J.-F.L., 23, 26

metallic soaps

—matting agents, 221

methacrylates

—and solvents, 40

—artificial aging, 40

—butyl methacrylates, 39

—synthetic resin varnishes, 39

methacrylic resin varnishes

—testing, 40

methacrylic resins

—polymers, 38

methyl alcohol

—solvents, 176

methyl cellulose

—plasticity, 44

—solubility, 44

methyl cyclohexanone

—solvents, 39

methylene chloride

—and poly(methyl methacrylate), 38

microcrystalline wax

—and damar, 67, 69

—and Laropal® K80, 77

—and mastic, 59

—and MS2A®, 84, 85, 89

—and naphtha, 265

—and Paraloid® B-72, 141, 142

—dirt, 85

—mineral waxes, 202

mineral spirits

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187, 188

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 179, 181

—and ketone resin varnishes, 41

—and Laropal® K80, 77

—and MS2A®, 84

—and Paraloid® B-72, 138

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—and Soluvar®, 173, 175

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 103

—and UVS varnishes, 130

mineral waxes

—ceresin, 202

—microcrystalline wax, 202

—ozokerite, 202

—paraffin, 202

mixing

—varnishes, 254

molecular weight

—Arkon®P-90, 12, 118

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—brushability, 11

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—damar, 10, 12, 65

—Elvacite® 2044, 163

—Elvacite® 2045, 154

—Escorez® 5380, 12, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—gum mastic, 12

—Laropal® K80, 12, 76

—leveling, 10

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 53

—mastic, 59

—MS2A®, 12, 83

—paraffin, 202

—Paraloid® B-67, 40, 154

—Paraloid® B-72, 10, 12, 139

—Paraloid® F-10, 163

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 163

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 191, 192, 195, 196

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAA, 12

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAB, 12

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAC, 12

—polyvinyl acetate) AYAF, 12

—Regalrez® 1094, 12, 110

—Soluvar®, 172

—synthetic resin varnishes, 36

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 101

—varnishes, 10

Monet, Claude, 21, 29, 30

mongoose tail hair

—belly, 227

—fan blender brushes, 227

—hair, 225

mottler brushes

—varnishing brushes, 233

mounting

—varnishing brushes, 231

mouth atomizers, 249–250

—oil paintings, 249

—ventilation, 250

MS2®

—hydrogenation, 83

—ketone resin varnishes, 41–42, 81, 100

MS2A®, 81–91

—aging, 89

—and acetone, 83

—and additives, 85

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 83

—and damar, 88

—and ethanol, 83

—and isopropanol, 83

—and microcrystalline wax, 84, 85, 89

—and mineral spirits, 84

—and Paraloid® B-72, 88

—and petroleum benzine, 83

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 88

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 83

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 83

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 83

—and Shell Sol® 71, 263

—and Stoddard Solvent, 84, 85, 86, 87

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 83

—and Tinuvin® 282, 86, 214, 254

—and toluene, 83

—and turpentine, 83

—and white spirit, 89

—and xylenes, 83

—appearance, 84, 86

—autoxidation, 89

—badger hair brushes, 88

—brittleness, 83, 84, 90

—brush solutions, 84, 85

—brushing, 86, 87, 263

—canvas paintings, 263

—chemical structure, 82

—crazing, 90

—dirt, 89

—discoloration, 89

—disposal, 90

—drying, 87

—esterification, 42

—exposure, 90

—first aid procedures, 90

—flexibility, 83–84

—glass transition temperature, 15, 83

—gloss, 14, 42, 84, 86

—handling, 42, 90

—hardness, 84

—health and safety, 90

—health hazards, 90

—inpainting, 87, 88

—interlayering, 87, 88

—ketone resin varnishes, 41–42, 81

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 53

—manufacturers, 81

—matteness, 85

—molecular weight, 12, 83

—oxidation, 89

—panel paintings, 87

—recipes, 84, 85

—refractive index, 13, 83

—removability, 89

—reticulation, 86, 87, 88

—saturating, 86

—scratch resistance, 15

—scratching, 88

—solubility, 83, 89

—spray solutions, 84, 85

—spraying, 88

—stability, 89

—storage, 90

—ultraviolet light, 89

—ventilation, 90

—viscosity, 12

—wetting, 42, 87

—wrinkling, 89, 90

—yellowing, 89

MS2B®

—ketone resin varnishes, 41–42, 81

mural paintings

—varnishing, 257

n-butyl methacrylate

—acrylic resins, 171, 176, 179

naphtha

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—and damar, 263

—and microcrystalline wax, 265

—and Paraloid® B-72, 140

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—and UVS varnishes, 130, 131

—solvents, 22, 24

natural resin varnishes, 21–34

—amber, 25–26

—asphaltum, 26

—bitumen, 26

—bloom, 18

—chemical structure, 22

—classification, 22

—damar, 43, 53, 55, 64

—leveling, 10

—mastic, 43, 53, 55

—shellac, 26

natural waxes

—beeswax, 26, 201

—carnauba wax, 201

near-ultraviolet radiation

—artificial aging, 40

nylon

—bristle, 225, 226

—ferrules, 231

—varnishing brushes, 227

O'Keeffe, Georgia, 31

octafluoroamyl methacrylate

—crosslinking, 40

oil

—and mastic, 28

—and sandarac, 28

oil brushes

—ox-ear hair, 228

oil paint

—and damar, 63

oil paintings

—Arkon® P-90, 120

—mouth atomizers, 249

—Paraloid® B-72, 137

—unvarnished paintings, 31

—varnishes, 93

—Western paintings, 3

oil-resin coatings

—ultraviolet fluorescence, 21

oil-resin varnishes

—copals, 22

—recipes, 24

orientation

—paintings, 256–258

ox-ear hair

—fan blender brushes, 228

—hair, 226

—oil brushes, 228

—varnishing brushes, 228

—watercolor brushes, 228

—chiseled shapes, 233

oxidation

—Arkon® P-90, 121

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—cyclohexanones, 42

—deterioration, 7

—Ketone Resin® N, 75

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 53

—mastic, 58, 60

—MS2A®, 89

—Paraloid® B-82, 40

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 197

—Soluvar®, 175

—Tinuvin® 292, 215

ozokerite

—mineral waxes, 202

ozone

—damar, 69

paint

—egg tempera, 2, 3

—gloss, 93

—hardness, 93

—porosity, 7

paint film

—elasticity, 35

paint loss

—cleaning, 42

—cyclohexanones, 42

paintings

—abrasion, 7

—bloom, 35

—cleaning, 7, 253

—condition, 7

—crackling, 21

—dirt, 7

—distemper, 29

—elasticity, 35

—environment, 35

—handling, 88

—orientation, 256–258

—pigment, 7

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—stains, 21

—stains, 7

—vandalism, 7

—varnishing, 253

paintings on metal

—poly(vinyl acetate), 265

—UVS Retouching Varnish®, 265

panel paintings

—mastic, 265

—MS2A®, 87

—Paraloid® B-67, 157

—spraying, 265

—varnishing, 3

—wiping, 262

paper chromatography

—crosslinking, 38

—resins, 36

paraffin

—and acetone, 202

—and benzol, 202

—and carbon disulfide, 202

—and carbon tetrachloride, 202

—and chloroform, 202

—and diacetone alcohol, 202

—and ethanol, 202

—and ether, 202

—and isopropanol, 202

—and MEK, 202

—and petroleum distillates, 202

—and turpentine, 202

—mineral waxes, 202

—molecular weight, 202

—solubility, 202

Paraloid® B-67, 153–159

—acrylic resin varnishes, 153

—aging, 157

—and acetone, 155

—and additives, 156

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 155

—and ethanol, 155

—and fumed silica, 157

—and isopropanol, 155

—and ketone resins, 185, 186

—and petroleum benzine, 155, 156

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 155

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 155

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 155

—and solvents, 156, 158

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 155

—and toluene, 155, 158

—and turpentine, 40, 155

—and xylenes, 155, 156

—appearance, 156, 157

—brittleness, 155

—brush solutions, 156

—brushing, 156, 157

—chemical structure, 154

—crizzling, 157

—crosslinking, 40, 157

—dirt, 158

—disposal, 158

—drying, 156, 157

—exposure, 158

—flaking, 157

—flexibility, 155

—gas chromatography, 40

—glass transition temperature, 15, 155

—gloss, 13–14, 156

—handling, 156

—health and safety, 158

—incineration, 158

—infrared spectra, 40

—inhalation, 158

—manufacturers, 154

—molecular weight, 40, 154

—panel paintings, 157

—poly(isobutyl methacrylate), 40

—refractive index, 13, 154

—removability, 158

—saturating, 157

—scratch resistance, 15

—shelf life, 156

—solubility, 40, 154–155, 158

—solutions, 153

—spray solutions, 156

—spraying, 157

—stability, 157

—storage, 156, 158

—synthetic resin varnishes, 40–41

—viscosity, 12, 39, 155–156

—yellowing, 156

Paraloid® B-72, 137–151

—acrylic resin varnishes, 40, 137

—aging, 147

—airbrushes, 144

—and acetone, 139, 140

—and additives, 141

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 139

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—and damar, 145

—and diacetone alcohol, 147

—and diethyl benzene, 40

—and ethanol, 139

—and fumed silica, 141

—and hydrocarbon solvents, 40

—and isopropanol, 139

—and microcrystalline wax, 141, 142

—and mineral spirits, 138

—and MS2A®, 88

—and naphtha, 140

—and petroleum benzine, 139, 145

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 145–146

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/ Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 139

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 139

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 139

—and solvents, 141, 144, 146, 266

—and stabilizers, 142

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 139

—and Tinuvin® 327, 217, 269–270

—and toluene, 10, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 149

—and turpentine, 139

—and ultraviolet absorbers, 216

—and white spirts, 140

—and xylenes, 40, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 217

—appearance, 142, 147

—bristle brushes, 143

—brittleness, 140

—brush solutions, 141

—brushing, 142, 143, 145

—chemical structure, 139

—cleaning, 147

—coatings, 138

—composition, 41

—consolidants, 137

—crackling, 144

—crosslinking, 147

—dirt, 147

—disposal, 149

—drawings, 137

—drying, 141, 142, 143

—durability, 137

—dusting, 147

—first aid procedures, 149

—flexibility, 140

—glass transition temperature, 15, 140, 147

—gloss, 13–14, 144, 147

—hardness, 140

—health and safety, 148

—health hazards, 148

—humidity, 145

—impregnants, 137

—infrared spectra, 40

—inhalation, 148

—inpainting, 137

—interlayering, 78, 144, 145, 146

—leveling, 141, 143, 147

—manufacturers, 138

—molecular weight, 10, 12, 139

—oil paintings, 137

—recipes, 141

—refractive index, 13, 40, 139, 147

—relative humidity, 142

—removability, 147

—rubbing, 145

—saturating, 141, 143, 144, 145

—scratch resistance, 15

—shelf life, 142

—solubility, 40, 137, 138, 139, 147

—spray guns, 144

—spray solutions, 141

—spraying, 143, 145

—storage, 142, 149

—temperature, 142

—top coats, 270

—toxicity, 148, 149

—ultraviolet light, 147

—viscosity, 12, 40, 139, 140, 147

—wall paintings, 137, 266

—wiping, 266

—yellowing, 137, 145, 147

Paraloid® B-82

—acrylic resin varnishes, 40

—artificial aging, 40

—oxidation, 40

Paraloid® F-10

—acrylic resin varnishes, 161, 162

—and acetone, 163

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 163

—and ethanol, 163

—and isopropanol, 163

—and petroleum benzine, 163

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 163

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 163

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 163

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 163

—and toluene, 163, 166

—and turpentine, 163

—and xylenes, 163

—molecular weight, 163

parchment

—size, 26

pastels

—fixatives, 63

Peale, Rembrandt, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28

peeling see also flaking

—poly(vinyl acetate), 198

Pepys, Samuel, 27, 29

permeability

—synthetic resin varnishes, 35

—waxes, 204

petroleum

—and UVS Varnishes, 129

petroleum benzine

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal K80, 76

—and mastic, 57

—and MS2A®, 83

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155, 156

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139, 145

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110, 112, 113

—and Soluvar®, 172, 173, 174, 175

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

petroleum distillates

—and beeswax, 201

—and paraffin, 202

petroleum solvents

—and poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38

—solvents, 38

phenolic antioxidants, 213–220

phenyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymers

—refractive index, 41

—synthetic resin varnishes, 41

—viscosity, 41

photographs

—appearance, 6

Picasso, Pablo, 30

pigment

—paintings, 7

—ultramarine, 3

—vermilion, 3

pine resin

—colophony, 22

—diterpenoid resins, 22, 24

—rosin, 22

—violin rosin, 22

Pissarro, Camille, 1, 28, 29

pitch

—adhesives, 231

plastic

—ferrules, 231

plasticity

—methyl cellulose, 44

—waxes, 204

plasticizers—additives, 44

—and cellulose nitrate, 45

Plexigum® P28

—poly(isobutyl methacrylate), 42

Plexigum® PQ610

—copolymers, 42

plugs

—varnishing brushes, 233

PN2® Spray Gun

—spray guns, 261

polishing

—mastic, 59

pollution

—varnishes, 18

poly(butyl methacrylate)

—acrylic resins, 153

—crosslinking, 39, 40

polycyclohexanones

—AW-2®, 41–42

—brittleness, 42

—ketone resin varnishes, 41

—viscosity, 42

poly(isoamyl methacrylate)

—acrylic resins, 38

—and benzene, 38

—and petroleum solvent, 38

—and toluene, 38

—artificial aging, 38

—crosslinking, 38, 39, 40

—solubility, 38

—ultraviolate radiation, 38

—yellowing, 38

poly(isobutyl methacrylate)

—artificial aging, 39

—crosslinking, 39

—Paraloid® B-67, 40

—Plexigum® P28, 42

—solubility, 39

polymeric synthetic rubbers

—Kraton® G series rubbers, 111, 113

polymeric varnishes

—and acetone, 135

—and alcohol, 135

—brittleness, 135

—crosslinking, 135

—dirt, 135

—glass transition temperature, 135

—molecular weight, 135

—paintings, 135

—poly(vinyl acetate), 191

—refractive index, 135

—solubility, 135

—tensile strength, 135

—viscosity, 135

—yellowing, 135

polymerization

—low molecular weight synthetic resins, 43

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 162

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 191

polymers

—acrylic resins, 38

—crosslinking, 36, 45

—methacrylic resins, 38

—stability, 36

polymethacrylate resins

—brittleness, 173

poly(methyl methacrylate)

—acrylic resins, 38

—and methylene chloride, 38

—and solvents, 38

poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 161–169

—accelerated aging, 165–166

—aging, 165, 183

—and acetone, 164

—and additives, 164

—and Irganox® 565, 164

—and matting agents, 164

—and mineral spirits, 164, 165

—and naphtha, 165

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 191

—and turpentine, 164

—and xylenes, 164

—appearance, 164, 166

—brittleness, 164

—brush solutions, 164

—brushing, 165

—chemical structure, 162

—crosslinking, 39, 164, 165, 166

—dirt, 164, 166

—disposal, 167

—drying, 165

—flexibility, 164

—glass transition temperature, 164, 165, 166

—handling, 167

—health and safety, 167

—incineration, 167

—inhalation, 167

—inpainting, 165

—interlayering, 161

—landfill, 167

—molecular weight, 163

—oxidation, 165

—polymerization, 162

—refractive index, 163

—removability, 166

—reversibility, 166

—saturating, 164

—shelf life, 164

—solubility, 162, 163, 166

—spray solutions, 164

—spraying, 165

—storage, 164

—tensile strength, 164

—toxicity, 167

—ventilation, 165

poly(n-propyl methacrylate)

—artificial aging, 40

poly(vinyl acetate), 191–200

—adhesion, 198

—aging, 37, 197–198

—and acetone, 193–194

—and additives, 196

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 193–194

—and ethanol, 193–194, 196, 197

—and isopropanol, 193–194

—and ketone resin varnishes, 191

—and MS2A®, 88

—and Paraloid® B-72, 145–146

—and petroleum benzine, 193–194

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 191

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 193–194

—and Shell Mineral Spirits, 193–194

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 193–194

—and solvents, 197, 198

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 193–194

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 104, 105

—and toluene, 193–194

—and turpentine, 193–194

—and wax, 196

—and xylenes, 193–194

—appearance, 196, 197

—Bakelite® Series AYAB, 37

—Bakelite® Series AYAC, 37

—Bakelite® Series AYAF, 37

—brittleness, 194

—brush solutions, 195

—brushing, 197

—chemical structure, 192

—cracking, 195

—crosslinking, 37, 197

—darkening, 196

—dirt, 37, 197, 198

—disposal, 198

—drying, 197

—flexibility, 191, 194, 196

—glass transition temperature, 37, 194, 198

—gloss, 196

—health and safety, 198

—incineration, 198

—inpainting, 161

—interlayering, 191, 197

—manufacturers, 192

—molecular weight, 37, 191, 192, 195, 196

—oxidation, 37, 197

—paintings on metal, 265

—peeling, 198

—polymeric varnishes, 191

—polymerization, 37, 191

—recipes, 196

—refractive index, 192, 196

—removability, 197

—retouching, 197, 265

—saturating, 37, 197

—shelf life, 196

—solubility, 192, 197–198

—spray guns, 197

—spray solutions, 196

—spraying, 197

—stability, 191, 196

—storage, 196

—synthetic resin varnishes, 36–37

—temperature, 196

—tensile strength, 192

—Vinylite® A, 37

—viscosity, 37, 191, 195

—yellowing, 17, 198

poly(vinyl acetate) AYAA

—molecular weight, 12

—refractive index, 13

—viscosity, 12

poly(vinyl acetate) AYAB

—glass transition temperature, 15

—molecular weight, 12

—refractive index, 13

—viscosity, 12

poly(vinyl acetate) AYAC

—glass transition temperature, 15

—gloss, 13

—molecular weight, 12

—refractive index, 13

—viscosity, 12

poly(vinyl acetate) AYAF

—glass transition temperature, 15

—molecular weight, 12

—refractive index, 13

—viscosity, 12

poly(vinyl acetate) resins

—adhesives, 191

—consolidants, 191

poppy oil

—and damar, 28

porosity

—paint, 7

Post-Impressionist, 29

pounders

—varnishing brushes, 234

preparing

—damar, 66

pressure-sensitive adhesives

—Arkon® P-90, 117

rat tail handles

—varnishing brushes, 232

recipes

—damar, 25

—MS2A®, 84, 85

—oil-resin varnishes, 24

—Paraloid® B-72, 141

—poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—traditional artists' varnishes, 21

recoating

—varnishing, 5

red sable hair

—hair, 225

reflectance

—UVS Finishing Varnish®, 130

refractive index

—aldehyde resins, 43

—Arkon® P-90, 13, 118

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—damar, 13, 65

—Escorez® 5380, 13, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—gum mastic, 13

—Laropal® K80, 13, 76

—linseed oil, 10

—low molecular weight synthetic resins, 43

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 53

—mastic, 56

—matting agents, 221

—MS2A®, 13, 83

—Paraloid® B-67, 13, 154

—Paraloid® B-72, 13, 40, 139, 147

—phenyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymers, 41

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 163

—poly(vinyl acetate), 192, 196

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAA, 13

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAB, 13

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAC, 13

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAF, 13

—Regalrez® 1094, 13

—saturating, 9, 10

—Soluvar®, 172

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 101

—varnishes, 11

Regalrez® 1078

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 44

Regalrez® 1094, 109–116

—accelerated aging, 114

—aging, 114

—and acetone, 110, 112

—and additives, 111

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 110

—and ethanol, 110, 112

—and hydrocarbon solvents, 112, 113

—and isopropanol, 110, 112

—and Kraton® G 1650, 114

—and Kraton® G series rubbers, 111

—and petroleum benzine, 110, 112, 113

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 110

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 110

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 110

—and Shell Solvent® 340 HT, 112, 113

—and Shell Sol® 71, 112

—and solvents, 112

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 110

—and Tinuvin® 292, 111, 114, 214, 215, 254, 255, 256, 257

—and toluene, 110

—and turpentine, 110

—and wax, 113

—and xylenes, 110

—appearance, 112

—autoxidation, 114

—badger blender brushes, 112, 113

—brittleness, 110, 111

—brush solutions, 111

—brushability, 111

—brushing, 112

—chemical structure, 109

—dirt, 114

—disposal, 115

—drying, 113, 114

—flexibility, 110

—glass transition temperature, 15, 110, 114

—gloss, 14, 112

—handling, 115

—health and safety, 115

—hot-melt adhesives, 109

—inhalation, 115

—inpainting, 112

—leveling, 10

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 44, 109

—manufacturers, 109

—mar resistance, 110

—matteness, 113

—molecular weight, 12, 110

—refractive index, 13

—reticulation, 114

—scratch resistance, 15

—scratching, 110

—shelf life, 112

—solubility, 110, 113, 114

—spray solutions, 111

—spraying, 113–114

—stability, 119

—storage, 112

—viscosity, 12

Regalrez® series

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 44

relative humidity

—damar, 67

—Paraloid® B-72, 142, 145

—spraying, 262

—varnishes, 17, 18

Rembrandt® Picture Varnish-Glossy

—solutions, 100

Rembrandt® Picture Varnish-Matt

—solutions, 100

Rembrandt® Retouching Varnish

—solutions, 100

removability see also reversibility

—Arkon® P-90, 121

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—damar, 70

—mastic, 24, 60

—MS2A®, 89

—Paraloid® B-67, 158

—Paraloid® B-72, 147

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 166

—poly(vinyl acetate), 197

—Soluvar®, 175

—surface coatings, 35

—waxes, 204

Renoir, Auguste, 29

resaturating

—varnishing, 5

—Winton® Retouching Varnish, 264

resins

—paper chromatography, 36

—stability, 36

—ultraviolet fluorescence, 21

reticulation

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—interlayering, 266

—MS2A®, 86, 87, 88

—Regalrez® 1094, 114

—solvents

retouching

—damar, 63

—Kolinsky tail hair, 226

—poly(vinyl acetate), 197, 265

—sable hair, 227

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 102, 103, 104

—varnishing, 7

retouching varnishes

—damar, 28

—solubility, 27

—Venice turpentine, 22

reversibility

—acrylic emulsion paintings, 273–274

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 166

—varnishes, 8

Reynolds, Joshua, 23, 28, 201

Robinson, Theodore, 30

rosin

—and mastic, 24

—pine resin, 22

round handles

—varnishing brushes, 232

rubber

—and damar, 63

rubbing

—damar, 69

—Laropal® K80, 78

—Paraloid® B-72, 145

—waxes, 203

Rubens, Peter Paul, 29

Ruskin, John, 29

sable brushes

—brushes, 227

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

sable hair

—fan blender brushes, 227

—retouching, 227

sandarac

—and damar, 25

—and linseed oil, 23

—and oil, 28

—diterpenoid resins, 23

Sanduvor® 3050

—hindered amine light stabilizers, 42

Sansodor® Low Odour Paint Thinner

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95

saturating see also color saturation, resaturating

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—color, 37

—damar, 68

—leveling, 9–10

—MS2A®, 86

—Paraloid® B-67, 157

—Paraloid® B-72, 141, 143, 144, 145

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 197

—refractive index, 9, 10

—Soluvar®, 174

—solvents, 16

—varnishes, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9

—varnishing, 253

—wetting, 9, 10

scratch resistance

—aldehyde resin, 15

—Arkon® P-90, 15

—damar, 15

—Laropal® K80, 15

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 15

—mastic, 15

—MS2A®, 15

—Paraloid® B-67, 15

—Paraloid® B-72, 15

—Regalrez® 1094, 15

scratching

—damar, 70

—MS2A®, 88

—Regalrez® 1094, 110

—waxes, 204

shapes

—varnishing brushes, 232

sheen

—carnauba wax, 203

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 188

—gloss, 9

shelf life

—Arkon® P-90, 119

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—damar, 67, 70

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—Laropal® K80, 78

—mastic, 58

—Paraloid® B-67, 156

—Paraloid® B-72, 142

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—Regalrez® 1094, 112

—Soluvar®, 174

—Tinuvin® 327, 217

—UVS varnishes, 131

—waxes, 203

Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 57

—and MS2A®, 83

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110

—and Soluvar®, 172

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

Shell Mineral Spirits

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

Shell Mineral Spirits 145

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and damar, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 57

—and MS2A®, 83

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110

—and Soluvar®, 172, 175

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 57

—and MS2A®, 83

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110

—and Soluvar®, 172

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

Shell Solvent® 340 HT

—and Regalrez® 1094, 112, 113

Shell Sol® 71

—and Arkon® P-90, 120

—and MS2A®, 263

—and Regalrez® 1094, 112

shellac

—natural resin varnishes, 26

—solubility, 26

shrinkage

—beeswax, 204

Singapore

—damar, 63, 64

size

—parchment, 26

sodium carboxymethylcellulose

—surface coatings, 45

solubility

—acrylic emulsion paintings, 273

—acrylic resin varnishes, 40

—aldehyde resins, 43–44

—Arkon® P-90, 118, 120, 214

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94, 96

—beeswax, 201

—butyl methacrylates, 39

—carnauba wax, 201–202

—cellulose acetate, 45

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186, 188

—damar, 70

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—hydrocarbon resins, 44

—Irganox® 565, 218

—ketone resin varnishes, 41

—Laropal® K80, 76, 78

—low molecular weight synthetic resins, 43

—mastic, 57, 60

—matting agents, 221

—methyl cellulose, 44

—MS2A®, 83, 89

—paraffin, 202

—Paraloid® B-67, 40, 154–155, 158

—Paraloid® B-72, 40, 137, 138, 139, 147

—poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38

—poly(isobutyl methacrylate), 39

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 162, 163, 166

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 192, 197–198

—Regalrez® 1094, 110, 113, 114

—retouching varnishes, 27

—shellac, 26

—Soluvar®, 171, 172, 174, 175

—spirit varnishes, 22

—synthetic resin varnishes, 35

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 101, 102

—UVS Varnishes, 130

—varnishes, 36, 256

—waxes, 204

solutions see also brush solutions; spray solutions

—beeswax, 202

—carnauba wax, 202–203

—ceresin, 202–203

—damar, 66, 67

—Paraloid® B-67, 153

—Rembrandt® Picture Varnish-Glossy, 100

—Rembrandt® Picture Varnish-Matt, 100

—Rembrandt® Retouching Varnish, 100

—varnishes, 253

—waxes, 202

Soluvar®, 171–177

—accelerated aging, 175, 176

—acrylic paintings, 171

—acrylic resin varnishes, 171

—aging, 175

—and acetone, 172

—and additives, 173

—and aluminum stearate, 173

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol), 172

—and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, 171

—and ethanol, 172

—and isopropanol, 172

—and matting agents, 174

—and mineral spirits, 173, 175

—and petroleum benzine, 172, 173, 174, 175

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 172

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 172, 175

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 172

—and solvents, 171

—and Stoddard Solvent/Shell Sol® 340 HT, 172

—and toluene, 172, 175

—and turpentine, 172, 173

—and xylenes, 172, 175

—appearance, 174

—brittleness, 173

—brush solutions, 173

—brushing, 174

—carcinogenity, 176

—chemical structure, 172

—crosslinking, 173, 175

—dirt, 175

—disposal, 176

—drying, 174

—flexibility, 173

—glass transition temperature, 173, 175

—gloss, 174

—health and safety, 176

—inhalation, 176

—manufacturers, 171

—matteness, 174

—molecular weight, 172

—oxidation, 175

—refractive index, 172

—removability, 175

—saturating, 174

—shelf life, 174

—solubility, 171, 172, 174, 175

—spray solutions, 173

—storage, 174

—synthetic resin varnishes, 39

—ventilation, 176

—yellowing, 173, 174

solvent tests

—varnishes, 21

solvents

—acetone, 36, 265

—aging, 16

—alcohol, 26

—aliphatic hydrocarbons, 44

—and beeswax, 201

—and damar, 67, 69

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 179, 182

—and low molecular weight resin varnishes, 53

—and methacrylates, 40

—and Paraloid® B-67, 156, 158

—and Paraloid® B-72, 141, 144, 146, 266

—and poly(methyl methacrylate), 38

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 197, 198

—and Regalrez® 1094, 112

—and Soluvar®, 171

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 101

—and varnishes, 3, 253, 254

—aromatic hydrocarbons, 44

—cyclohexanones, 36

—discoloration, 16

—drying, 16

—gloss, 16

—hardness, 16

—health and safety, 18

—hexane, 265

—hydrocarbon solvents, 44

—matteness, 265

—methyl alcohol, 176

—methyl cyclohexanone, 39

—naphtha, 22, 24

—petroleum, 38

—reticulation, 268

—saturating, 16

—spray guns, 239

—stability, 16

—toluene, 12, 35, 36

—toxicity, 198

—turpentine, 22, 25

—varnishing brushes, 235

—xylenes, 273

spatter brushes

—varnishing brushes, 233

specular reflection

—gloss, 9

spirit varnishes

—and drying oil, 24

—benzoin, 25

—damar, 22

—mastic, 22

—solubility, 22

spray booths

—spraying, 262

spray guns

—air compressors, 237, 238, 239, 240

—airless sprayers, 244–245

—Chiron® SC90E, 261

—Chiron® Spray Gun, 268

—high-pressure, low-volume (HPLV), 237–240

—high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP) turbine systems, 242–244

—high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP), 240–241

—maintenance, 239, 241, 243

—Paraloid® B-72, 144

—PN2® Spray Gun, 261

—poly(vinyl acetate), 197

—solvents, 239

—spray varnishing equipment, 237

—spraying, 260

—stainless steel, 238

—turbines, 242, 243, 244

spray solutions

—Arkon® P-90, 119

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—damar, 67

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—Laropal® K80, 77

—mastic, 58

—MS2A®, 84, 85

—Paraloid® B-67, 156

—Paraloid® B-72, 141

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—Regalrez® 1094, 111

—Soluvar®, 173

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 103

—UVS varnishes, 130

—waxes, 203

spray varnishing equipment, 237–248

—airbrushes, 245–247

—health and safety, 247

—mouth atomizers, 249

—spray guns, 237

spraying

—air compressors, 260

—airbrushes, 260

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95, 96

—biohazards, 260

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187, 188

—contemporary paintings, 260

—damar, 68, 69

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—evaporation, 262

—fume hoods, 262

—gloss, 260, 261

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 182

—humidity, 262

—Laropal® K80, 78

—mastic, 59

—matteness, 261

—MS2A®, 88

—panel paintings, 265

—Paraloid® B-67, 157

—Paraloid® B-72, 143, 145

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—poly(vinyl acetate), 197

—Regalrez® 1094, 113–114

—spray booths, 262

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 104–105

—temperature, 262

—UVS varnishes, 131

—varnishes, 16

—varnishing, 260–262

squirrel tail hair

—hair, 225

—watercolor brushes, 227

Sri Lanka

—damar, 63

stability

—acrylic resin varnishes, 40–41

—MS2A®, 89

—Paraloid® B-67, 157

—polymers, 36

—poly(vinyl acetate), 191, 196

—Regalrez® 1094, 119

—resins, 36

—solvents, 16

—synthetic resin varnishes, 35

stabilizers, 213–220

—additives, 213

—and aldehyde resins, 43

—and Laropal® K80, 78

—and Paraloid® B-72, 142

stabilizing

—damar, 67, 213–214

—varnishing, 5

stainless steel

—spray guns, 238

stains

—paintings, 7, 21

stand oil

—and damar, 25

stearate

—and damar, 67

stereomicroscopy

—varnishes, 21

Stoddard Solvent

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95, 96

—and damar, 263

—and MS2A®, 84, 85, 86, 87

Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal K80, 76

—and mastic, 57

—and MS2A®, 83

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110

—and Soluvar®, 172

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

storage

—Arkon® P-90, 119, 122

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 95

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—damar, 67

—Escorez® 5380, 126

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 181

—Laropal® K80, 78

—mastic, 58

—MS2A®, 90

—Paraloid® B-67, 156, 158

—Paraloid® B-72, 142, 149

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—Regalrez® 1094, 112

—Soluvar®, 174

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 106

—Tinuvin® 292, 214

—UVS varnishes, 131

Strasbourg turpentine (olio di abezzo)

—diterpenoid resins, 22, 24

strength

—cyclohexanones, 42

sulfur dioxide—damar, 69

Sully, 25, 28

surface coatings

—colorlessness, 35

—damar, 63

—egg white varnishes, 2, 27

—melamine formaldehyde, 45

—Paraloid® B-72, 138

—removability, 35

—sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 45

—testing, 35

—transparency, 35

—urea formaldehyde, 45

—waxes, 26, 35, 201, 204

surface uniformity gloss

—gloss, 9

synthetic fibers

—fibers, 226

synthetic resin varnishes, 31, 35–50

—butyl methacrylates, 39

—cohesiveness, 35

—color saturation, 37

—flexibility, 35

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 39

—hardness, 35

—ketone resin varnishes, 41–42

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 41, 43, 53

—manufacturers, 43

—methacrylates, 39

—molecular weight, 36

—Paraloid® B-67, 40–41

—permeability, 35

—phenyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymers, 41

—poly(vinyl acetate), 36–37

—solubility, 35

—Soluvar®, 39

—stability, 35

—testing, 35

—transparency, 35

—varnishing, 6

—viscosity, 35

Talens Picture Varnish®, 99–107

—aging, 105

—and acetone, 102

—and additives, 103

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 102

—and ethanol, 102

—and hindered amine light stabilizers, 103

—and isopropanol, 102

—and mineral spirits, 103

—and petroleum benzine, 102

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 104, 105

—and Shell Cyclo Sol 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 102

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 102

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 102

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 102

—and toluene, 102

—and turpentine, 102, 103, 104

—and xylenes, 102

—appearance, 103

—brittleness, 105

—brush solutions, 102

—brushing, 104

—chemical structure, 101

—disposal, 106

—drying, 104

—evaporation, 102, 104

—first air procedures, 106

—glass transition temperature, 102

—gloss, 102

—handling, 103, 106

—health and safety, 105–106

—health hazards, 106

—inpainting, 104, 105

—interlayering, 104, 105

—manufacturers, 100, 101

—matting agents, 101, 103

—molecular weight, 101

—refractive index, 101

—retouching, 102, 103, 104

—solubility, 101, 102

—solvents, 101

—spray solutions, 103

—spraying, 104–105

—storage, 106

—ventilation, 106

—viscosity, 102

—yellowing, 105

temperature

—Paraloid® B-72, 142

—poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—spraying, 262

—varnishes, 17

tensile strength

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—poly(vinyl acetate), 192

—polymeric varnishes, 135

terpene resin

—mastic, 55, 56

testing

—acrylic resin varnishes, 40

—cyclohexanones, 42

—damar, 35

—gel permeation chromatography, 36

—mastic, 35

—methacrylic resin varnishes, 40

—surface coatings, 35

—synthetic resin varnishes, 35

tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate

—crosslinking, 40

Thailand

—damar, 63

thickening

—mastic, 58

tin-plated steel

—ferrules, 229

tinting

—asphaltum, 28

—cleaning, 28

—darkening, 28

—mastic, 29

—varnishes, 28

Tinuvin® 292

—aging, 214

—and Arkon® P-90, 119, 120, 121, 122, 214

—and damar, 67, 70, 213, 214, 215, 257

—and Escorez® 5380, 126, 127

—and Laropal® K80, 78, 214

—and mastic, 257, 265

—and MS2A®, 86, 214, 254

—and Regalrez® 1094, 111, 114, 214, 214, 254, 255, 256

—and UVS varnishes, 131

—crosslinking, 214

—hindered amine light stabilizers, 17, 42, 44, 111, 131, 213–214, 254

—measuring, 254–256

—oxidation, 215

—storage, 214

—ultraviolet light, 86

Tinuvin® 327

—and Paraloid® B-72, 217, 269–270

—and xylenes, 217

—benzotriazoles, 217

—shelf life, 217

—ultraviolet absorbers, 217

—yellowing, 217

Tinuvin® 328

—additives, 187

—hindered amine light stabilizers, 181

toluene

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 10, 66, 70

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and hydrocarbon resins, 44

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 57, 60

—and MS2A®, 83

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155, 158

—and Paraloid® B-72, 10, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 148, 149

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163, 166

—and poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110

—and Soluvar®, 172, 175

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and UVS varnishes, 130

—solvents, 12, 35, 36

top coats

—Paraloid® B-72, 270

—ultraviolet absorbers, 270

toxicity

—Escorez® 5380, 127

—Paraloid® B-72, 148, 149

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 167

—solvents, 198

traditional artists' varnishes, 21–34

—artists' treatises, 21

—recipes, 21

transparency

—appearance, 7

—mastic, 24, 60

—surface coatings, 35

—synthetic resin varnishes, 35

triterpenoid resins

—benzoin, 25

—damar, 24–25

—mastic, 24, 55

turbines

—spray guns, 242, 243, 244

Turner, J.M.W., 63

turpentine

—and Arkon® P-90, 118

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and beeswax, 201

—and carnauba wax, 201–202

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 25, 66

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal® K80, 76

—and mastic, 24, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 265

—and MS2A®, 83

—and paraffin, 202

—and Paraloid® B-67, 40, 155

—and Paraloid® B-72, 139

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110

—and Soluvar®, 172, 173

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102, 103, 104

—and UVS varnishes, 130

—solvents, 22, 25

Twachtman, John, 29

ultramarine

—pigment, 3

ultraviolet absorbers, 213–220

—additives, 7, 182, 213, 216

—and Paraloid® B-72, 216

—and varnishes, 253

—benzophenones, 216

—benzotriazoles, 216

—Tinuvin® 327, 217

—top coats, 270

ultraviolet fluorescence

—oil-resin coatings, 21

—resins, 21

ultraviolet light

—aldehyde resins, 43

—damar, 37, 70

—deterioration, 7

—mastic, 58

—MS2A®, 89

—Paraloid® B-72, 147

—Tinuvin® 292, 86

ultraviolet radiation

—poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38

Univar®

—varnishes, 138

unvarnished paintings

—matteness, 30

—oil paintings, 31

urea formaldehyde

—surface coatings, 45

UVS Finishing Varnish®, 129–132

—gloss, 131

—reflectance, 130

UVS Matte Varnish®, 129–132

—matteness, 131

UVS Retouching Varnish®

—paintings on metal, 265

UVS varnishes

—aging, 131

—and acetone, 130

—and additives, 131

—and Arcosolv® PM/1-methoxy-2-propanol, 130

—and ethanol, 130

—and heptane, 130

—and isopropanol, 130

—and mineral spirits, 130

—and naphtha, 130, 131

UVS varnishes

—and petroleum, 129

—and petroleum benzine, 130

—and Shell Cyclo Sol® 100/Shell Cyclo Sol® 53, 130

—and Shell Mineral Spirits 145, 130

—and Shell Odorless Mineral Spirits/Shell Sol® 71, 130

—and Stoddard Solvent/ Shell Sol® 340 HT, 130

—and Tinuvin® 292, 131

—and toluene, 130

—and turpentine, 130

—and xylenes, 130

—appearance, 131

—brush solutions, 130

—drying, 130, 131

—gloss, 131

—leveling, 131

—shelf life, 131

—solubility, 130

—spray solutions, 130

—spraying, 131

—storage, 131

—low molecular weight synthetic resin varnishes, 44

van Gogh, Vincent, 27

vandalism

—paintings, 7

—varnishes, 17

varnishes

—adhesion, 8

—aging, 36

—and additives, 218

—and hindered amine light stabilizers, 253

—and solvents, 3, 253, 254

—and Tinuvin® 292, 253

—and UV absorbers, 253

—autoxidation, 11

—beeswax, 30

—brittleness, 11

—brushing, 16

—chemical structure, 11

—color, 28

—damar, 3–4

—deterioration, 7

—dirt, 17

—discoloration, 5, 8, 17

—disposal, 18

—egg white, 2

—flexibility, 11

—glass transition temperature, 11

—gloss, 8

—Grumbacher Tuffilm Fixative Spray, 138

—hardness, 11

—health and safety, 18

—identification, 21

—Krylon® Crystal Clear No. 41301, 138

—lighting, 17

—mastic, 3–4

—measuring, 254

—mixing, 254

—molecular weight, 10

—oil paintings, 93

—pollution, 18

—refractive index, 11

—relative humidity, 17, 18

—reversibility, 8

—saturating, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9

—solubility, 36, 256

—solutions, 253

—solvent tests, 21

—spraying, 16

—stereomicroscopy, 21

—temperature, 17

—tinting, 28

—vandalism, 17

—viscosity, 11

—yellowing, 30

varnishing, 1–20, 251–270

—acrylic emulsion paintings, 273–274

—aging, 1

—appearance, 1, 6, 7

—artists' intent, 1, 6, 30

—brushing, 256–259, 263

—buffing, 263, 268

—canvas paintings, 263

—collage, 2

—cyclohexanones, 42

—dirt, 5

—finishing layers, 253

—gloss, 4, 5, 253

—inpainting, 256

—interlayering, 253, 266–268

—mural paintings, 257

—paintings, 253

—panel paintings, 3

—recoating, 5

—resaturating, 5

—retouching, 7

—saturating, 253

—spraying, 260–262

—stabilizing, 5

—synthetic resin varnishes, 6

—ventilation, 257

—Western paintings, 1

—wiping, 262

varnishing brushes, 225–236

—adhesives, 231

—badger hair brushes, 234

—beavertail handles, 232

—block handles, 232

—bristle brushes, 228

—chiseled shapes, 233

—cleaning, 234–235

—cutter brushes, 233

—damar, 233

—fan blender brushes, 234

—ferrules, 228, 229

—flat handles, 231

—flat shapes, 232–233

—goat hair, 228

—hair, 228, 229

—handles, 231

—horse body hair, 228

—mottler brushes, 233

—mounting, 231

—nylon, 227

—ox-ear hair, 228

—plugs, 233

—pounders, 234

—rat tail handles, 232

—round handles, 232

—shapes, 232

—solvents, 235

—spatter brushes, 233

Vasari, Giorgio, 29

Venice turpentine

—and mastic, 24

—diterpenoid resins, 22

—retouching varnishes, 22

ventilation

—airbrushes, 247

—Arkon® P-90, 122

—Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 96

—Laropal® K80, 79

—mastic, 60

—mouth atomizers, 250

—MS2A®, 90

—poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 165

—Soluvar®, 176

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 106

—varnishing, 257

—waxes, 204

vermilion

—pigment, 3

Vinylite® A

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37

violin rosin

—pine resin, 22

viscosity

—Arkon® P-90, 12

—damar, 12, 68

—Escorez®, 12

—gum mastic, 12

—ketone resin varnishes, 41

—Laropal® K80, 12

—low molecular weight resin varnishes, 53

—Lucite® 44, 39

—Lucite® 45, 39

—MS2A®, 12

—Paraloid® B-67, 12, 39, 155–156

—Paraloid® B-72, 12, 40, 139, 140, 147

—phenyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate copolymers, 41

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAA, 12

—polycyclohexanones, 42

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAB, 12

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAC, 12

—poly(vinyl acetate) AYAF, 12

—poly(vinyl acetate), 37, 42, 191, 195

—Regalrez® 1094, 12

—synthetic resin varnishes, 35

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—varnishes, 11

wall paintings

—Paraloid® B-72, 137, 266

watercolor brushes

—Kolinsky tail hair, 226

—ox-ear hair, 228

—squirrel tail hair, 227

wax fills

—mastic, 59

waxes, 201–208

—aging, 204

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 196

—and Regalrez® 1094, 113

—appearance, 203

—brush solutions, 202–203

—brushing, 203

—burns, 204

—flammability, 204

—handling, 204

—health and safety, 204

—heating, 204

—matteness, 204

—permeability, 204

—plasticity, 204

—removability, 204

—rubbing, 203

—scratching, 204

—shelf life, 203

—solubility, 204

—solutions, 202

—spray solutions, 203

—surface coatings, 26, 35, 201, 204

—ventilation, 204

Western paintings

—oil paintings, 3

—varnishing, 1

wetting

—MS2A®, 42, 87

—saturating, 9, 10

white spirits

—and MS2A®, 89

—and Paraloid® B-72, 140

Winton® Picture Varnish

—gloss, 13

Winton® Retouching Varnish

—resaturating, 264

wiping

—panel paintings, 262

—Paraloid® B-72, 266

—varnishing, 262

wood

—ferrules, 230

workability

—Golden MSA® Varnish, 182

—Laropal® K80, 78

wrinkling

—cyclohexanones, 42

—MS2A®, 89, 90

xylenes

—and Arkon® P-90, 118, 121

—and Artists' Gloss Varnish®, 94

—and Conserv-Art® Varnish, 186

—and damar, 66, 69

—and Elvacite® 2044, 163

—and Elvacite® 2045, 155

—and Golden MSA® Varnish, 180

—and Laropal® K80, 76, 77

—and mastic, 57

—and MS2A®, 83

—and Paraloid® B-67, 155, 156

—and Paraloid® B-72, 40, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 217

—and Paraloid® F-10, 163

—and poly(n-butyl methacrylate), 164

—and poly(vinyl acetate), 193–194

—and Regalrez® 1094, 110

—and Soluvar®, 172, 175

—and Talens Picture Varnish®, 102

—and Tinuvin® 327, 217

—and UVS varnishes, 130

—solvents, 273

yellowing

—butyl methacrylates, 39

—Conserv-Art® Varnish, 187

—damar, 63, 69, 70

—Irganox® 565, 218

—Laropal® K80, 78

—mastic, 55, 58, 60

—MS2A®, 89

—Paraloid® B-67, 156

—Paraloid® B-72, 137, 145, 147

—poly(isoamyl methacrylate), 38

—poly(vinyl acetate), 17, 198

—polymeric varnishes, 135

—Soluvar®, 173, 174

—Talens Picture Varnish®, 105

—Tinuvin® 327, 217

—varnishes, 30

Back to Paintings Chapter List

Appendix IV

SUBJECT INDEX

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