PMG Chapter 24 - Digital Prints
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Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog
Chapter 24 - Digital Prints
Date: Outline initiated February 2010
Compiler: Monique C. Fischer
Contributors:
Contributor's names in alphabetical order Your name could be here! Please contribute.
Copyright: ?. The Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog is a publication of the Photographic Materials Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. The Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog is published as a convenience for the members of the Photographic Materials Croup. Publication does not endorse nor recommend any treatments, methods, or techniques described herein.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
9.1. Introduction
9.2. History of Digital Printing
9.3. Printing Processes
9.4. Materials: Colorants and Supports
9.5. Idenitification
9.6. Characterization of Supports
9.7. Preservation: Recommendations, Guidelines and Standards
9.8. Standards Organizations
9.9. Appendix
9.10. References (Alphabetical)
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1 What is a digital print?
9.2 History of Digital Printing
9.2.1 Early Computer Output
9.3. Printing Processes
9.3.1 Photographic Processes
9.3.2 Thermagraphy
9.3.2.1 Direct Thermal (D1T1)
9.3.2.2 Direct Thermal Transfer (D1T2)
9.3.3.3 Dye Diffusion Thermal Transfer (D2T2)
9.3.3 Electrostatic Processes
9.3.3.1 Dry Toner Electrography
9.3.3.2 Liquid Toner Electrography
9.3.3.3 Electrography
9.3.4 Inkjet Technologies
Inkjet is the most widely used printing technology for digital artists/amatuers. Inkjet systems are based on the flow of colored ink from a nozzle that is deposited on a support to form an image. There are two types of technologies for inkjet printers: continuous flow and drop-on-demand or impulse jet. The IRIS printer and popular Epson Stylus® Photo printers are the best known of these systems.
Continuous-flow inkjet printers use an electrostatic charge to push ink out of the printhead reservoir. As the ink droplets are released, charged droplets are deflected and recycled while the uncharged particles spray a continuous stream of microscopic ink droplets onto a flat substrate. The IRIS printer is an example of the continuous-flow printer.
The other type of printer, drop-on-demand, uses only ink droplets needed to form the image produced. There are two main types: thermal and piezoelectric. The thermal process, used by the Canon Bubble Jet Printer, is based on heating a resister in the printhead. As the printhead heats up, a bubble is produced and the increased pressure inside the printhead chamber forces the ink droplet out. After the bubble collapses, more ink is drawn from the reservoir. The piezoelectric effect (employed by Epson printers) uses a crystalline material inside the printhead reservoir to create an electric field, which produces the pressure instead of heat to release the ink.
9.3.4.1 Continuous Flow
9.3.4.2 Drop-on-Demand
9.4. Materials: Colorants and Supports
9.4.1 Colorants (Dyes vs Pigments)
9.4.2 Supports
9.5. Identification
9.6. Characterization of Supports
9.7. Preservation: Recommendations, Guidelines and Standards
9.7.1 Factors
9.7.1.1 Temperature and Relative Humidity
9.7.1.2 Light
9.7.1.3 Pollutants
9.7.1.4 Moisture
9.7.2 Permanence
9.7.2.1 Light Fading/Thermal Stability
9.7.2.2 Humidity and Water Resistance
9.7.2.3 Pollutants
9.7.2.4 Abrasion, Blocking and Brittleness
9.7.3 Acquistion, Handling, Storage and Display
9.8. Standards Organizations
9.9. Appendix
9.10. References (Alphabetical)
Aardenburg Imaging and Archives. Lee, MA. http://www.aardenburg-imaging.com/index.html
Batz-Sohn, Christoph, et al. 2004. " Tailor-Made Silica and Alumina for Inkjet Media Coatings ".IS&T’s NIP 20: International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies, Society for Imaging Science and Technology: 805–810.
Burge,Daniel, Andrea Venosa, Gene Salesin, Peter Adelstein, and James Reilly. 2007. " Beyond Lightfastness: Some Neglected Issues in Permanence of Digital Hardcopy. " IS&T’s International Symposium on Technologies for Digital Fulfillment:61-64.
Burge, Daniel,Douglas Nishimura and Mirasol Estrada. March/April 2009. "What Do You Mean When You Say “Digital Print”?" Society of American Archivist’s Archival Outlook.
Burge, Daniel and Lindsey Rima. 2009. " Investigations into Potential Reactivity between Silver-Halide and Digitally Printed Photographic Images in Long-Term Storage ". NIP25 and Digital Fabrication: 146-149.
IPI DP3 Digital Print Preservation Portal. Rochester, NY: Image Permanence Institute http://www.dp3project.org/proj_timeline.shtml
IPI Digital Sample Book. Rochester, NY: Image Permanence Institute http://www.digitalsamplebook.org/home.htm
IPI Graphics Atlas. Rochester, NY: Image Permanence Institute http://www.graphicsatlas.org/
Jarry, Narelle. 1996. " Computer Imaging Technology: The Process of Identification ". The Book and Paper Annual, 15: 53.
Johnson, Harald. 2005. Mastering Digital Printing, Second Edition. Cincinnati, Ohio: Muska & Lipman.
Juergens, Martin. 2009. The Digital Print: Idenitification and Preservation. Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute.
Martin, Tony. March/April 2004. " Dye-based or Pigment-based? Debunking the Myths of Digital Inks ". Digital Photo Techniques: 49.
Miller, Nils. March 2005. " How Long Will Your Digital Prints Last? " Shutterbug: 152–153.
Rima, Lindsey and Daniel Burge. 2009. " Tendency of Digitally Printed Materials to Ferrotype or Block. " NIP25 and Digital Fabrication:142-145.
Rothenberg, Jeff. January 1995. " Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Documents.” Scientific American: 42.
Salesin,Eugene, Jessica Scott, Douglas Nishimura, Peter Adelstein, James Reilly, and Daniel Burge. 2008. " Abrasion of Digital Reflection Prints. " NIP24 and Digital Fabrication:228-230.
Salesin, Eugene, Daniel Burge, Peter Adelstein and James Reilly. 2009." Brittleness of Digital Reflection Prints." NIP25 and Digital Fabrication:138-141.
Tarrant, J. August 7, 2002. "Coated Inkjet Papers: The Hole Truth". British Journal of Photography, 149: 29–31.
Wilhem, Henry. February 2002. "How Long Will They Last? An Overview of Light-Fading Stability of Inkjet Prints and Traditional Color Photographs". IS&T’s 12th International Symposium on Photofinishing Technology: 32. The document can be found in PDF format at http://www.wilhelm-research.com
Wilhelm, Henry. October 2003. " Yellowish Stain Formation in Inkjet Prints and Traditional Silver-Color Photographs ".IS&T’s NIP19: 2003 International Conference on Digital Printing Techniques: 444. The document can be found in PDF format at http://www.wilhelm-research.com