PMG Chapter 10 - Non-destructive Testing and Instrumental Analysis

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Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog
Chapter 10 - Non-Destructive Testing and Instrumental Analysis

The chapter reviews non-destructive testing and instrumental analysis helpful for use with photographic materials

Date: Outline initiated September 2009
Compiler: Herman Maes
Contributors: Eva Grieten, Herman Maes, Klaus Pollmeier, William (Bill) Wei
Contributor's names in alphabetical order Your name could be here! Please contribute.

First edition copyright:?. The Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog is a publication of the Photographic Materials Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. The Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog is published as a convenience for the members of the Photographic Materials Group. Publication does not endorse nor recommend any treatments, methods, or techniques described within this chapter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
10.1. Non-Destructive Testing and Instrumental Analysis
10.2. Factors to Consider Before Examining and Testing
10.3. Effects of Examination and Testing on Photographic Materials
10.4. Standards, Guidelines and Recommendations
10.5. Non-Destructive Testing Techniques, Equipment and Considerations
10.6. Standards Organizations
10.7. Appendix
10.8. References (Alphabetical)

10.1. Purpose of Non-Destructive Testing and Instrumental Analysis

10.1.1 To safely identify the chemical nature of the photographic matrix prior to storage, treatment, travel, or for scholarly research expanding the professional knowledge of culturally significant and historic photographic materials.
10.1.2 Minimize changes in the image, binder, and support from a better understanding of physical and chemical make-up of the photographic matrix.

10.2 Factors to Consider Before Examining and Testing


10.2.1. Sampling on originals should be avoided or strongly limited to the strictly necessary (exception).
10.2.2. Carefully consider the need for examination and testing. Avoid unnecessary testing.
10.2.3. Obtain permission from the owner, curator, or authorized agent prior to examining or testing.
10.2.4. Select the most appropriate examination or testing technique(s) that cover the needs.
10.2.5. Analysing equipment often will be ‘static’ and the object has to be brought to the equipment. Consider a good packing and transport of the object will be required.
10.2.6. The object size can be restrictive by the selection of the examination or testing technique(s).
10.2.7. The examination location(s) should be representative for the given photographic object or different areas should be selected.
10.2.8. This areas should be free of extraneous materials or previous treatments. Areas showing deterioration or injury may respond differently.
10.2.9. Nearly all photographic materials can be considered as modern materials and often are composed out of many different kinds and types of materials. Testing of all the components of the photographic material can be required.
10.2.10. It is always useful to have a reference, control and/or blank sample simultaneously tested to judge the effect or the response of the test.
10.2.11. Judgement of the obtained results often requires experience and the use of controls.
10.2.12. The examination or test conditions should be documented well to make repeated or similar testing possible.

10.3 Effects of Examining and Testing on Photographic Materials


10.3.1. The examination and testing techniques should be safe and are considered being non-destructive. If during examination or testing alterations should become visible, testing should be stopped immediately.
10.3.2. Limit the duration an object or a certain area of it will be exposed to the testing conditions or environment, to the strict minimum. Examination or testing equipment should be set-up and calibrated in advance.
10.3.3. Local testing can create local staining or (temporary) local planar deformation of the support or binding medium.
10.3.4. Some non-destructive testing methods can create temporary local physical changes of the substrate and or binding medium.


10.4 Standards, Guidelines and Recommendations


10.5 Non-Destructive Testing Techniques, Equipment and Considerations

10.5.1 Visible light

10.5.1.1 Normal light

10.5.1.2 Spectral light

10.5.1.3 Raking light

10.5.1.4 Transmitted light

10.5.1.5 (slightly destructive) Micro fade testing

10.5.1.6 Magnification

10.5.1.6.1 Optical Microscope

10.5.1.6.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

10.5.1.6.3. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

10.5.2 Infra red (IR)

10.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy

10.5.4 Mass Spectroscopy

10.5.5 Ultraviolet (UV)

10.5.6 X-Ray

10.5.6.1 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

10.5.6.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

10.5.7 Chromatography

10.5.7.1 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

10.5.8 Surface Profilometry

10.6 Standards Organizations

  • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 1819 L Street, NW, 6th floor Washington, D.C. 20036 USA 202-293-8020 phone; 202-293-9287 facsimile OR 11 West 42nd Street, 13 floor, New York, N.Y. 10036 USA 212-642-4900 phone; 212-398-0023 facsimile ansionline@ansi.org http://www.ansi.org
  • American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) 100 Bar Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA. 19428 USA 610-832-9585 phone; 610-832-9555 facsimile service@localastm.org http://www.astm.org
  • British Standard Institution (BSI) 389 Chiswick High Road London W44AL United Kingdom +44-20-8996-9000 phone; +44-20-8996-7400 facsimile info@bsi-global.com http://www.bsi-global.com
  • Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN) Burggrafenstrasse 6 D-10787 Berlin Germany/ Deutschland +49-30-26-01-0 phone; +49-30-26-01-12-31 facsimile postmaster@din.de http://www.din.de
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 1, rue de Varembe Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneve 20 Switzerland/Suisse +41-22-749-01-11 phone; +41-22-733-34-30 facsimile central@iso.ch http://www/iso.org/iso/home.htm
  • National Information Standards Organization (NISO) 4733 Bethesda Avenue Suite 300 Bethesda, MD. 20814 USA 301-654-2512 phone; 301-654-1721 facsimile http://www.niso.org


10.7 Appendix

Links to Organizations


10.8 Literature and References (Alphabetical)


  • Arney J. and Pollmeier K., ‘Edge Reflection Analysis: A New Technique for the Documentation and Characterisation of Photographic and Other Glossy Surfaces.’, in: “Works of Art on Paper: Books, Documents and Photographs”, contributions to the Baltimore Congress, 2-6 September 2002, London, 2002, pp. 160-164.
  • Barger S., Messier R., White W., “A Physical Model for the Daguerreotype”, Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 26, no. 6, Nov./Dec. 1982, pp. 285-291.
  • Barger S., Smith D., White W., “Characterization of corrosion products on old protective glass, especially daguerreotype cover glasses”, Journal of Materials Science, no 24, 1989, pp. 1343-1356.
  • Bauer K., Gros L. and Sauer W., „Thin-Layer Chromatography: An introduction.”, Huthig Buch Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991
  • Bouchard M., Smith D.C., “Catalogue of 45 reference Raman spectra of minerals concerning research in art history or archaeology, especially on corroded metals and coloured glass”, Spectrochimica Acta Part A 59, 2003, pp. 2247-2266.
  • Buzit Tragny, C., “The Use of Ultraviolet-Induced Visible Fluorescence for Examining of Photographs”, George Eastman House, Advanced Residence Program, 2005.
  • Centeno S. et all, “The daguerreotype surface as a SERS substrate: characterization of image deterioration in plates from the 19th century studio of Southworth & Hawes”, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, no 39, 2008, pp. 914-921.
  • Coupry C., Lautié A. et Perkinson R., ‘Les papiers bleus: indentification des colorants’, in: “Techne, La couleur et ses pigments“, no 4, 1996, pp. 99-107.
  • Daffner, L-A, Kushel, D., Messinger, J.M., ‘Investigation of a surface tarnish found on 19th century daguerreotypes’, in: JAIC 35 (1996): 9-21, 1996.
  • Derrick M., Landry J. and Stulik D., „Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science”, The Getty Conservation Institute, L.A., 1999.
  • Doménech-Carbó M-T. et all, “Identification of Synthetic Resins Used in Works of Art by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy”, in: “Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 12, 2001, pp. 1590-1602.
  • Eastman Kodak.
    • M-27, Ultraviolet and fluorescence photography, 1968
    • M-28, Applied Infrared Photography, 1972
    • P-2, Photography through the Microscope, ninth ed. 1988
    • Scientific Imaging Products Catalog, 1989
    • Photographic Filters Handbook, Directory of Kodak Filters, 1990
  • Frey, F., Gschwind, R., ‘Electronic Imaging, a Tool for the Reconstruction of Faded Colour Photographs.’, In: “The Journal of IS&T, Volume 38, no 6, pp. 520-525”, 1994.
  • Feller R., Stolow N. and Jones E., “On Picture Varnishes and Their Solvents”, first ed. 1959, revised and enlarged edition, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985.
  • Grieten, E., ‘Surprise, Surprise … Technical Analysis of Photographs in the Alfred Stieglitz Collection at the Art Institute of Chicago’, in: “Topics in Photographic Preservation, volume Thirteen, 2009, pp. 110-125”, 2009.
  • Hill J. and Striegel M., “Thin-Layer Chromatography for Binding Analysis”, Scientific Tools for Conservation, The Getty Conservation Institute, L.A., 1996.
  • Jungreis E., “Spot Test Analysis : Clinical, Environmental, Forensic, and Geochemical Applications”, 2nd ed, New York, 1997.
  • Keijzer de M., ‘The history of Modern Synthetic Inorganic and Organic Artists Pigments’, in: “Contributions to Conservation, Research in Conservation at the Netherlands ICN”, ed. Mosk J. and Tennant N., James & James, London, 2002, pp. 42-54.
  • Kennedy N., ‘The reticulation of gelatine: observations on the direct carbon process’, in: “Conference Papers, Care of Photographic Moving Image & Sound Collections, 20-24 July 1998, York, England”, ed. By Susan Clark, IPC, Leigh Lodge, 1999, pp. 102-108.
  • Koenig Jack, “Spectroscopy of Polymers”, New York, Used in Works of Art by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, 1999.
  • McGlinchey C. and Maines C., ‘Chemistry and Analysis of Coating Materials’ in: “Coatings on Photographs, Materials, Techniques, and Conservation”, ed. McCabe Constance, AIC PMG, Washington DC, 2005.
  • Mills J. and White R., “The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects”, ed. Rees-Johnson S., Butterworths London, 1986.
  • Murphy, E., ‘XRF Identification of 20th Century Developer-Incorporated Stabilized Prints’, in: “Topics in Photographic Preservation, volume Thirteen, 2009, pp. 100-109”, 2009.
  • Neevel, H., “Optimisation of the micro-destructive light fastness tester, the ‘m-Fado’”, ICN, 2007.
  • Odegaard N., Carroll S. and Zimmt W., “Material Characterisation Tests for Objects of Art and Archeology”, 2nd ed., London, 2005.
  • Ravines, P., Wichern, C., Chen, J.J., ‚Optical and Surface Metrology to Study Cultural Heritage: Confocal Topometry Applied to the Surface Study of Photographic Images’, in: “Art 2008 9th International Conference on Non-destructive Investigation and Microanalysis for the Diagnostic and Conservation of Cultural and Environmental Heritage”, Jerusalem, Israel: ISAS International Seminars, 2008
  • Ravines, P. et all, ‘Optical and surface metrology applied to daguerreotypes’, in: Conservation Science 2007: Papers from the conference held in Milan, Italy 24-26 May 2007. London, Archetype publications, pp.131-139.
  • Ravines P. et all, ‘The use of Gel Electrophoresis and Immunological Techniques in the Analysis of Gum Arabic.’, in: “Works of Art on Paper: Books, Documents and Photographs”, contributions to the Baltimore Congress, 2-6 September 2002, London, 2002, pp. 171-175.
  • Rochow T. and Tucker P., “Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X-rays, or Acoustics”, 2nd ed., New York, 1994.
  • Schaeffer, T., “Effects of Light on Materials in Collections, Data on Photoflash and Related Sources”, Research in Conservation, The Getty Conservation Institute, 2001.
  • Sherma J and Fried B. editors, “Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography”, Vol. 55, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1991.
  • Stulik D. and all., “Investigation of Jean-Louis-Marie-Eugene Durieu’s Toning and Varnishing Experiments: A Non-destructive Approach”, in: “13th Triennial Meeting Rio de Janeiro, 22-27 September 2002, London, 2002, pp. 658-663.
  • Walls, J.M., “Methods of surface analysis”, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Weaver, G., Long Z., ‘Chromogenic Characterisation: A Study of Kodak Colour Prints, 1942-2008’, in: “Topics in Photographic Preservation, volume Thirteen, 2009, pp. 67-82”, 2009.
  • Wei, W., De Tagle, A and Hummelen, I., “Three dimensional documentation of ‘two dimensional’ works of Art”, In: Proceedings 17th International Conference Photonics in Europe: Optical Methods for Arts and Archaeology. Munich, Germany: SPIE, 12-16 June, 2005.
  • White R., “The Characterisation of Proteinaceous Binders in Art Objects.”, National Gallery Technical Bulletin 8, 1984, pp. 5-14.
  • Wicks Z., Jones F. and Pappas P., “Organic Coatings: Science and Technology”, 2nd ed., New York, 1999.
  • Williams D. and Fairbrass S., “Laser Surface Profilometry in Materials Conservation”, ICOM Committee for Conservation 1996, Vol. II, pp. 978-980.
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